# Fileset [proc-fgm-2000.xlsx](https://mdr.nims.go.jp/filesets/5f8b3ccb-4a76-4d40-ba0d-94be722e8220/download) ## Creator National Institute for Materials Science ## Rights ## Other metadata [FY 2000 Proceedings of Functionally Gradient Materials (FGM 2000) ](https://mdr.nims.go.jp/datasets/04045994-c8c4-40f2-86fe-4a47646461ed) ## Fulltext Sheet1 BookTitle_j BookTitle_e Volume/Issue Issueddate Page Title_j Title_e AuthorList_j AuthorList_e Abstract Language 2000年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2000＞　論文集 FY 2000 Proceedings of Functionally Gradient Materials 20 2001-11-29 1-6 アルミナ・ニッケル基FGM円板の熱応力解析と熱衝撃試験 Thermal Stress Analysis in Alumina/Nickel Based FGM Circular Plates and Thermal Shock Test 淡路英夫、阿部裕一、竹中宏光、本多沢雄、西川直宏名古屋工業大学 H. Awaji, Y. Abe, H. Takenaka, S. Honda and T. NishikawaNagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan Temperature/stress distributions in a stress-relief-type plate of alumina/nickel based FGM under thermal shock were analyzed numerically, in relation to both the temperature dependence and gradual variation of the thermo-mechanical properties of the FGM, using the analytical technique for temperature distributions proposed previously. The FGM circular disks with several gradient variations were fabricated by a powder mixing pile-up and Pulse Electric Current Sintering (PECS) techniques. Thermal shock tests on the FGM disks were performed using a newly developed equipment. The FGM disks were initially kept at high temperature on the ceramic surface using gas burner heating and low temperature on the metallic surface, and then cooled suddenly on the ceramic surface by a constant flow of water. The thermal shock resistance of the FGM was evaluated using the critical temperature difference where cracks were created on the ceramic surface. The comparison of the analytical stresses and the critical temperature difference indicated that the stresses on the ceramic surface were largely released by the gradient in the FGMs, and that there might be considerable residual stresses caused by the thermal expansion mismatch between alumina and nickel. Japanese 2000年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2000＞　論文集 FY 2000 Proceedings of Functionally Gradient Materials 20 2001-11-29 7-12 Ni/Cu系混合体の熱物性値評価 Thermophysical Property Evaluation of Ni/Cu Compound 藤沢良昭、吉田豊明航空宇宙技術研究所 Y. Fujisawa and T. Yoshida National Aerospace Laboratory, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8522, Japan Ni/Cu compound test pieces (phi=10, t=3 mm) were manufactured with a plasma spray method. Six kinds of pieces were prepared with different content of Ni vs Cu from 0 to 100%. In a practical application, those six pieces are stacked together and form Ni/Cu FGM as a result. Microscopic survey of manufactured test pieces was initially performed. Then thermophysical properties of thermal diffusivity and specific heat were measured for the each test piece with a laser flash method under the ambient temperature conditions from room temperature to 800deg.C. Thermal conductivity was finally calculated from the said two properties. Microstructure of the compound contained not only single phase of Ni and Cu but also alloy phase composed of the two components and small portion of void. Due to this structure, thermal diffusivity and conductivity of the compound showed fairly low values compared to those of pure materials. Specific heat showed similar trend but the rate of its variation was rather weak. Japanese 2000年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2000＞　論文集 FY 2000 Proceedings of Functionally Gradient Materials 20 2001-11-29 13-18 竹の傾斜構造と曲げ座屈 Bending Buckling of Bamboo with Functionally Graded Structure 天田重庚、○岡崎史典、中林剛群馬大、群馬大院、群馬大学 Shigeyasu AMADA*, Fuminori OKAZAKI** and Takeshi NAKABAYASHI**Gunma Univercity, 1-5-1, Tenjin, kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, JapanGraduate school, Gunma Univercity, 1-5-1, Tenjin, kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan Plants have a special property called adaptive growth which changes their body to adapt to any environments. Eventually, they developed a functionally graded and hierarchical structures. Bamboo is a typical one of those plants. The culm(corresponding to trunk of woods) diameter, thickness and internodal length of bamboo construct a functionally graded structure with respect to height, called by macroscopic functionally graded structure. Especially, internodal length changes parobolically with respect to height, the reason of which has not been clarified yet. It is difficult to understand based only on the induced bending stress. This paper presents why the internodal length changes in parabolic shape with height using a cylindrical shell model of the bamboo culm. Taking account of nodes which insert discretely into the bamboo culm, it is predicted that the internodal length is closely related a bending buckling. Therefore, the critical bending buckling moment is evaluated based on the proposed formula and compared with the moment distribution due to a wind load. Japanese 2000年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2000＞　論文集 FY 2000 Proceedings of Functionally Gradient Materials 20 2001-11-29 19-23 化学および物理処理による木材表面への熱軟化性および硬度付与による傾斜機能化 Thermoplasticizing or Hardening of Wood Surfaces by Chemical or Physical Treatment 大越誠、小川俊彦*、高芝俊雄**森林総研、*岐阜生技研、**岩手林技セ M. Ohkoshi, T. Ogawa*, T. Takashiba** Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan *Gifu Prefectural Human Life Technology Research Institute, Takayama, Gifu, Japan **Iwate Prefectural Forestry Technology Center, Iwate, Japan The wood surfaces were allylated to become thermoplasticized. It was confirmed from IR measurement that the hydroxyl groups in wood were allylated. Thermal softening was occurred at lower temperature than the pyrolysis of wood. Cell walls in allylated wood surface were observed to be greatly swollen. Two allylated wood surfaces were faced to each other and hot-pressed together. Subsequent examination of the shear strength of bonded specimens indicated that it varied with conditions of allylation and hot-pressing. The maximum bonding strength obtained was approximately equal to the shear strength of the solid wood. The wood surfaces were pressed to be hardened. The hardness of earlywood was selectively increased and was equal to one of latewood. The changes of specimen size were occurred by the repetition of drying and water absorption. As the glyoxal resin was impregnated before pressing, the changes became small. The depth of abrasion of impregnated wood was lower than the none-impregnation. Japanese 2000年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2000＞　論文集 FY 2000 Proceedings of Functionally Gradient Materials 20 2001-11-29 25-29 液体原料プラズマCVD装置によるアモルファスSiC薄膜の試作 Fabrication of Amorphous SiC Thin Layer by Plasma-enhanced CVD Apparatus with Liquid Source 朝比奈秀一1）、坂本明美2）、北原邦紀3）、金山信幸1）1)島根県産技センター2)ヒカリ電子工業（株）3)島大総合理工学部 Shuichi Asahina1), Akemi Sakamoto2), Kuninori Kitahara3) and Nobuyuki Kanayama1)1) Shimane Institute for Industrial Technology, 219 Adakae, Higashiizumo-cho, Yatsuka-gun, Shimane 699-0108, Japan.2) Hikari Electric Industry Co. Ltd., 117-8 Sasou, Shinji-cho, Yatsuka-gun, Shimane 699-0406, Japan.3) Faculty of Science and Engineering, Shimane Univ., 1060, Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane 690-8054, Japan. Amorphous silicon carbide coating was fabricated on silicon wafers by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PE-CVD) method using tetraethylsilane as the liquid source, which satisfies Environmental Health and Safety (EHS). Tetraethylsilane was vaporized by introducing hydrogen gas to the source holder and was provided as the mixture gas to the reactor. The composition of the coating was investigated as a function of the radio frequency power of PE-CVD reactor. The decomposition mechanism of tetraethylsilane was discussed on the basis of the two-center energies estimated by molecular-orbital calculation method MOPAC. It was deduced that hydrogen radicals strongly affect the generation of the silicon and carbon radicals from tetraethylsilane. Japanese 2000年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2000＞　論文集 FY 2000 Proceedings of Functionally Gradient Materials 20 2001-11-29 31-36 Ni-Al系合金表面への組成傾斜アルミナイド被覆 Compositionally Graded Aluminide Coating on Ni-Al Alloys 加藤雅彦1）、桑折仁2）、鈴木敏之3）、西田勲夫3）、塩田一路2）1)工学院大AMC、2)工学院大工、3)工学院大AMC(客員) Masahiko Kato1), Hitoshi Kohri2), Toshiyuki Suzuki3), Isao A. Nishida3), Ichiro Shiota2) 1)Advanced Materials Center, 2)Faculty of Engineering, 3)Visiting Researcher, Advanced Materials Center, 1) 2) 3)Kogakuin University, 2665-1, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan. Graded coating of Ni-Al alloy is a promising technique to obtain a heat resistant material, because intermetallic compounds and Ni-based solid solution in Ni-Al system have high heat resistance, oxidation resistance and high bonding strength to the base materials. Precise control of compositional gradient in the coating is essential to perform a desirable coating. In this experiment, a chemical transportation technique is adopted in which aluminum chloride is used as a carrier gas. It was revealed that the composition of Ni-Al phases on the surface can be controlled by changing the aluminum source temperature and the substrate temperature. In the case of the non-stoichiometric compound of NiAl, high end of Al concentration in NiAl was formed when the temperature of the Al source is lower than 1174K, and NiAl of low Al end was obtained at over 1274K. On the other hand, Ni3Al and Ni-based solid solution was obtained by controlling the substrate temperature regardless of the Al source temperature. Japanese 2000年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2000＞　論文集 FY 2000 Proceedings of Functionally Gradient Materials 20 2001-11-29 37-42 遠心力晶出法により作製したin-situ傾斜機能材料における組成傾斜形成機構の検討 Formation Mechanism of Graded Composition in in-situ FGM Fabricated by a Centrifugal in-situ Method ○渡辺義見、松田公一、大池新信州大学繊維学部 Yoshimi WATANABE, Koichi MATSUDA and Shin OIKEDepartment of Functional Machinery and Mechanics Shinshu University, 3-15-1, Tokida, Ueda 386-8567, Japan The fabrication of the intermetallic compound-dispersed FGMs made by a centrifugal method can be classified into two categories by taking into account the melting point of the intermetallic compounds. If the melting point of the intermetallic compound is significantly higher than the processing temperature, the intermetallic compound remains solid in a liquid matrix. This situation is similar to ceramic-dispersed FGMs. On the other hand, if the melting point of the intermetallic compound is lower than the processing temperature, centrifugal force can be applied during the solidification to both the intermetallic compound and the matrix. This solidification is similar to the production of in-situ composites using the crystallization phenomena, and this method is name as an in-situ technique. However, the origin of the graded composition in in-situ FGMs fabricated by the centrifugal method is still not well understood. In the present study, it is aimed to clarify how the centrifugal force affects the graded composition in in-situ FGMs. Japanese 2000年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2000＞　論文集 FY 2000 Proceedings of Functionally Gradient Materials 20 2001-11-29 43-47 Fe-ZrO2系傾斜機能材料の形状変化 The shape-change of FGMs by Fe-ZrO2 systems ○加島慎也、林二一、渡辺茂男、内田悦行愛知工業大学 S. Kashima, N. Hayashi, S. Watanabe, Y. UchidaAichi Institute of Technology, Toyota, Aichi, Japan This paper attempt to manufacture Large-Thickness Functionally Graded Materials which utilized the characteristic of the metallic material and the ceramic material for developing structural large-thickness materials which has heat-resistance and toughness. We attempt to manufacture Large-Thickness Functionally Graded Materials by means of a solid-liquid separation technique using a vacuum filtration and expression method. This manufacture method has the advantage not to agree to the size of materials more by the handy operation. It made Large-Thickness Functionally Graded Materials by this manufacture technique and the shape change of the warp, delamination between the each layer and the crack of the material was admitted. It examined what process of the manufacture these shape changes were and whether or not they happened from the mechanical properties of materials. Japanese 2000年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2000＞　論文集 FY 2000 Proceedings of Functionally Gradient Materials 20 2001-11-29 49-54 Al2O3/TiC/Ni系傾斜機能材料の機械的特性 Mechanical Properties of Al2O3/TiC/Ni Functionally Graded Materials 任幼平、林君山、宮本欽生、喬冠軍*、金志浩*大阪大学接合科学研究所、*西安交通大学、機械的材料特性評価国家重点領域研究室、中国 Y. Ren, J. Lin, Y. Miyamoto, G. Qiao*, Z. Jin* Joining & Welding Research Institute, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, *State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China Dense Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) in the systems of Al2O3/TiC/Ni and (Al2O3-WC/Co)/TiC/Ni were fabricated at 1300deg.C for 10 minutes by pulsed-electric current sintering method. The grain growth was effectively prevented and fine microstructure could be obtained by this rapid sintering. The residual stress produced in the outer Al2O3 and Al2O3-WC/Co layers of FGMs, which was induced by the thermal expansion mismatch between the inner TiC/Ni layer and the outer layers, was in the range of -180 MPa to -300 MPa The compressive stress and the dispersion of WC/Co particles enhanced the toughness of the outer ceramic layers and developed steep R-curve behavior. Japanese 2000年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2000＞　論文集 FY 2000 Proceedings of Functionally Gradient Materials 20 2001-11-29 55-60 NiAlとNiのTLP接合における組成傾斜の変化 Change in Composition Gradient during NiAl/Ni TLP Bonding 小柳貴幸、松浦清隆、工藤昌行北海道大学　工学研究科 Takayuki Koyanagi1), Kiyotaka Matsuura2), Masayuki Kudoh2) Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628. Changes in chemical composition and microstructure during TLP bonding of NiAl and Ni have been investigated. An Al foil with a thickness of 50 micro meters was used as the interlayer between the base materials of NiAl and Ni. When the bonding couple was heated to 973 K, the Al foil melted, and during holding at the temperature it solidified into NiAl3 due to diffusion of Ni from the base materials. The structure of the bonding interface between the base materials changed from a multilayer of Ni2Al3/NiAl3/Ni2Al3 toward a monolayer of Ni3Al, as the holding time increased. Japanese 2000年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2000＞　論文集 FY 2000 Proceedings of Functionally Gradient Materials 20 2001-11-29 61-65 FGM被覆のためのTi-Al系金属間化合物の組成制御 Composition Control of Ti-Al Intermetallic Compounds for FGM Coating 加藤雅彦1)、桑折仁2)、鈴木敏之3)、西田勲夫3)、塩田一路2)1)工学院大AMC、2)工学院大工、3)工学院大AMC(客員) Masahiko Kato1), Hitoshi Kohri2), Toshiyuki Suzuki3), Isao A. Nishida3), Ichiro Shiota2) 1) Advanced Materials Center, 2) Faculty of Engineering, 3) Visiting Researcher, Advanced Materials Center, 1) 2) 3) Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan. Ti-Al intermetallic compounds are promising heat resistant coating materials for Ti alloys and Al alloys, as they have high heat resistance and oxidation resistance. In the case of single layer coating, however, cracks or delamination often occur in use, because Ti-Al intermetallic compounds are very brittle. In this experiment, fundamental research was carried out to form a graded coating of Ti-Al intermetallic compounds. Ti foils and Al foils were stacked layer by layer, and hot-pressed to cause solid state interdiffusion between Ti and Al. Only Ti and TiAl3 layers were obtained by hot-pressing at 620deg.C for 1h in the case of Ti foils of 20 micro meters and Al foils of 10 micro meters in thickness. When this sample was heat treated at 800deg.C for 24h, diffusion proceeded at right angles to the interfaces between Ti and TiAl3 layers to form TiAl, Ti3Al and alpha-Ti layers. The compounds and solid solution layers formed a compositionally graded layer. Japanese 2000年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2000＞　論文集 FY 2000 Proceedings of Functionally Gradient Materials 20 2001-11-29 67-71 チタンの表面窒化による窒素濃度と硬度の傾斜 Gradients of Nitrogen Concentration and Hardness in Nitrided Titanium 松浦清隆、鎌田啓嗣、工藤昌行北海道大学　工学研究科 K. Matsuura, K. Kamada and M. Kudoh Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628. In order to improve the wear resistance of titanium, heat treatment of titanium under a nitrogen atmosphere has been investigated. Due to diffusion of nitrogen from the atmosphere, a concentration gradient of nitrogen was formed and a titanium carbo-nitride, Ti (C, N), was produced on the surface. Beneath the nitride, nitrogen-containing solid solution alpha-Ti was formed. The Vickers hardness of the nitride layer changed from approximately 1200 to 2600, while that of the solid solution layer changed from approximately 1100 to 500, as the distance from the surface increased. The depth of both layers increased with increasing time and temperature of the heat treatment. Surface properties such as wear resistance and corrosion resistance have been improved due to the nitride formation. Japanese 2000年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2000＞　論文集 FY 2000 Proceedings of Functionally Gradient Materials 20 2001-11-29 73-78 傾斜機能材料データベースの構築 FGM Database System 木皿且人、森谷信一、新野正之航空宇宙技術研究所 Katsuto KISARA, Shinichi MORIYA, Masayuki NIINO National Aerospace Laboratory The functionally graded material (FGM) was first approached in Japan in 1984 and has been led by Japanese researchers since then. Preparation of the FGM database started from the last year. Many FGM projects and research have been conducted by the researchers in and out of Japan, and a large amount of data has been obtained. In order to make use of the data as the common properties for researchers, the National Aerospace Laboratory started to prepare the FGM database with the funds for the Database Development Support Project provided by the Japan Science and Technology Corporation from October 1999. This database shall be provided in both English and Japanese and be on the web site so that any researchers can use them freely. In this presentation, the outline, schedule for the development and present state of our work on the FGM database system to be open to the public in the fall of 2002 will be reported. Japanese 2000年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2000＞　論文集 FY 2000 Proceedings of Functionally Gradient Materials 20 2001-11-29 79-84 太陽光熱複合発電システム Development of solar power generator system 木皿且人、丹治雍典、高橋秀明、新野正之航空宇宙技術研究所 Katsuto KISARA, Yasunori TANJI, Hideaki TAKAHASHI, Masayuki NIINO National Aerospace Laboratory Koganezawa-1, Kimigaya, Kakuda-City, Miyagi-Pref, 981- 15 By separating the solar energy to light and heat, solar energy hybrid power system utilizes it. The solar light generates solar heat by solar cell in thermoelectric power generation. In the announcement of past 3 times, effectiveness, and formation of this system were reported. This time, the following were examined : Thermoelectric power generation module and system formation-ness using the concentrating solar cell. Japanese 2000年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2000＞　論文集 FY 2000 Proceedings of Functionally Gradient Materials 20 2001-11-29 85-90 軽量冷却構造の研究動向と現状 An Overview of Actively-cooled Light-weight Structure and Its Recent Progress ○熊川彰長*、森谷信一*、佐藤政裕*、只野真*、渡辺義明*、渥美正博**、山下政之**航技研角田*、三菱重工（株）** A. Kumakawa,* S. Moriya,* M. Sato,* M. Tadano,* Y. Watanabe,* M. Atsumi,** and M. Yamashita** *Kakuda Research Center, NAL, Kakuda, Miyagi, Japan**MHI, Komaki, Aichi, Japan Light-weight actively cooled structure for thrust chambers and nozzles is one of key technologies for realizing the future Reusable Launch Vehicles (RLVs). Research on such actively-cooled structures which utilize the composite materials are recently activated especially in the US. High temperature materials like carbon/carbon (C/C) or carbon/silicon carbide composite materials in which actively cooled tubes are embeded or attached are under study. In this study, a C/C small panel to which grassy carbon tubes were bonded was fabricated and tested at a large-temperature difference test apparatus to load cyclic thermal shock to the specimen. After many cycles, the bonded area between the panel and tubes was damaged. It was insisted that the bonding methods should be improved. Japanese 2000年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2000＞　論文集 FY 2000 Proceedings of Functionally Gradient Materials 20 2001-11-29 91-94 通電加圧加工によるBi2Te3系熱電材料の作製 Pressure-Current Hot Processing of Bi2Te3 Thermoelectric Materials 北川裕之1、植田和弘1、篠原嘉一2、野田泰稔11島根大学、2金属材料技術研究所 H. Kitagawa1, K. Ueda1, Y. Shinohara2 and Y. Noda1 1 Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan2 National Research Institute for Metals, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan A compressive and current-heated hot processing was made for Bi2Te3-related materials. The ingot was grown by the Bridgman technique with the nominal composition of Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3. The as-grown ingot was coarse grained poly-crystals, which shows cleavage along the growth direction. A disk cut from the ingot was hot-processed by pulse-current under compression. The effect of the processing was detected in the X-ray diffraction patterns, which indicate the samples were highly oriented along the hexagonal c-axis. The Hall effect measurements indicate that carrier concentration of the measured samples is in the order of magnitude of 10**(19)cm-3. Plots of Hall mobility versus temperature after the processing exceed those for the source ingot. The results indicate that the processing can be expected to enhance thermoelectric properties of Bi2Te3-related materials. Japanese 2000年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2000＞　論文集 FY 2000 Proceedings of Functionally Gradient Materials 20 2001-11-29 95-100 Bi-Te-Se系化合物のSe組成およびキャリア濃度FGM化 Se composition and carrier concentration FGM of Bi-Te-Se 岡本千尋1)、桑折仁2)、加藤雅彦3)、西田勲夫4)、塩田一路2)1)工学院大(院)、2)工学院大工、3)工学院大AMC、4)工学院大AMC(客員) C. Okamoto1), H. Kohri2), M. Kato3), I. A. Nishida4), I. Shiota2)1) Graduate Student, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan2) Faculty of Engineering, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan3) Advanced Materials Center, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan4) Visiting Researcher, Advanced Materials Center, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan Thermoelectric materials of n-type Bi2Te3(1-x)Se3x (x=0.00-0.30) with carrier concentration of n=1 or 3x10**(25) m-3 were fabricated. The carrier concentration was controlled by adding SbI3 dopant. Electric resistivity rho and Hall coefficient RH were observed in the range from room temperature to 500K. When Seebeck coefficient and internal resistance were measured, the hot side temperature of the thermoelectric material was changed in the temperature range from room temperature to 500K, while the cold side temperature was kept at the room temperature. The materials with n=1x10**(25)m-3 and without Se showed the highest power factor in the range from 300K to 400 K, similarly the material with n=3x10**(25)m-3 and without Se showed that in the temperature range from 400 K to 450 K. In the case of higher temperature than 450K, the material with n=3x10**(25) m-3 and with Se of x=0.3 had the highest power factor. Therefore, it is expected to obtain a functionally graded material with high efficiency by properly combining of these materials. Japanese 2000年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2000＞　論文集 FY 2000 Proceedings of Functionally Gradient Materials 20 2001-11-29 101-106 HB型熱電モジュールで構成される3段カスケード型熱電発電用サブユニットとその評価装置の試作 Tentative product of 3-stage Cascade-Type Thermoelectric Sub-unit Composed of the HB-type Modules and Its Evaluation Device 丹治雍典、木皿且人、森谷信一、新野正之航技研　角田宇宙推進技術研究センター Yasunori Tanji, Katuto Kisara, Shin-ichi Moriya and Masayuki Niino National Aerospace Laboratory, Kakuda Research Center, Koganezawa 1 Kimigaya, Kakuda, Japan, 981-1525 A 3-stage cascade-type thermoelectric sub-unit for power generation and its evaluation device ar constructed tentatively. The sub-unit is composed of HB-type modules with GeSi, PbTe and (Bi, Sb)2(Te, Se)3 thermoelectric elements. The total power of the HB-type modules operated at 1100 to 800K, 800 to 500K and 500 to 300K is calculated as 36.3W, and the maximum conversion efficiency as 19%. The evaluation device for the sub-unit has a panel heater which is possible to heat up to 1200K. When the electric power of 985W is supplied to the panel heater, the surface temperature reaches 1183K. The temperature differences between the two sides of each HB-type module are observed 455, 64 and 157K, for GeSi, PbTe and (Bi, Sb)2(Te, Se)3 respectively. The unexpectedly small value for PbTe module suggests the existence of the bypass heat flow for this module. In addition, an abnormally large value of thermal contact resistance is observed at the joint surface between the PbTe and (Bi, Sb)2(Te, Se)3 modules. Thus further improvement of the sub-unit are required for the heat transfer construction of the sub-unit. Japanese 2000年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2000＞　論文集 FY 2000 Proceedings of Functionally Gradient Materials 20 2001-11-29 107-111 原子の沈降を用いたナノスケール傾斜構造物質の創製 Preparation of Nano-Scale Functional Graded Materials using Sedimentation of Atoms ○真下茂、小野正雄、木下貴博熊本大学衝撃・極限環境研究センター T. Mashimo, M. Ono and T. Kinoshita Shock Wave and Condensed Matter Research Center, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan. Functionally graded materials in nano scale are expected to show unique electronic or optical properties. There have been, however, a few methods to form nano-scale graded structure, while macro-scale graded structures can be formed by the conventional methods such as sintering or plasma jet method. Sedimentation of atoms would be used to form an atomic-scale graded structure, nonstoichiometric structure or nano-composite structure in alloys or compounds. We have developed an ultracentrifuge apparatus that can generate a strong gravity fields even higher than 1 million g at temperatures of several hundreds of deg.C for several days, and succeeded in the realization of sedimentation of substitutional atoms in some alloys. Here, the topical results on some alloys are shown with a point of view of preparation of nano-scale functional graded materials. Japanese 2000年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2000＞　論文集 FY 2000 Proceedings of Functionally Gradient Materials 20 2001-11-29 113-118 傾斜格子構造を有するダイヤモンド型フォトニック結晶の作製 Fabrication of Diamond Photonic Crystals with Graded Lattice Spacings 桐原聡秀(1)、宮本欽生(1)、梶山健二(2)(1) 大阪大学接合科学研究所、(2) 株式会社イオン工学研究所 Soshu Kirihara(1), Yoshinari Miyamoto(1) and Kenji Kajiyama (2)(1) Joining and Welding Research Institute, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan(2) Ion Engineering Research Institute Corporation Hirakata, Osaka, Japan Three-dimensional photonic crystals with periodic variations in dielectric constant which can totally reflect electromagnetic waves were fabricated by a method of stereolithographic rapid prototyping. The structures are composed of millimeter-order epoxy lattices including 10 vol.% TiO2 particles with a diamond structure. The attenuation of transmission amplitude through the photonic crystals clearly showed the formation of bandgaps in a microwave range. The diamond photonic crystals with graded lattice spacings which can form wide bandgaps were also fabricated. Development of engineering these photonic crystals and lattice modifications has a large potential of applications to high performance filters, antennas, and other devices in GHz range for telecommunication systems. Japanese 2000年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2000＞　論文集 FY 2000 Proceedings of Functionally Gradient Materials 20 2001-11-29 119-124 サーマルプローブ法を用いた傾斜機能熱電材料の評価 An Application of Scanning Thermal Probe Method for Functionally Graded Thermoelectric Materials 山本淳、李哲虎、高澤弘幸、太田敏隆、上野和夫、相澤龍彦1)、深川浩一2)電子技術総合研究所、1)東大先端研、2)日立粉末冶金(株) A. YAMAMOTO, C. H. LEE, T. OHTA, H. TAKAZAWA, K. UENO, T. AIZAWA1), H. FUKAGAWA2)Electrotechnical Laboratory, RCAST1), Hitachi Powder Metallurgy Co.2) We applied a thermal probe method for evaluation of Seebeck coefficient profile in hot-pressed thermoelectric materials with compositionally graded structure. The visualized distribution of Seebeck coefficient of 3 stage segmented thermoelectric element was in good agreement with a result of microprobe analysis, which clearly showed the rapid changes of Bi and Sb atomic concentrations at the interface of each segment. We also demonstrated a measurement of Seebeck coefficient profile of uniform hot-pressed sample and obtained statistical data such as overall average and standard deviation of Seebeck coefficient in 4mm x 4mm area. This technique is considered to be useful for checking the uniformity of thermoelectric materials. Japanese 2000年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2000＞　論文集 FY 2000 Proceedings of Functionally Gradient Materials 20 2001-11-29 125-128 放電プラズマ焼結により作製したSiCの熱電特性 Thermoelectric Properties of SiC fabricated by Spark Plasma Sintering 北川裕之1、赤堀貴生1、植田優2、金山信幸2、野田泰稔11 島根大学、2 島根県産業技術センター H. Kitagawa1, T. Akahori1, Y. Ueda2, N. Kanayama2 and Y. Noda1 1 Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, JAPAN2 Shimane Institute for Industrial Technology, Shimane 699-0108, JAPAN SiC based materials were fabricated at 2000deg.C by Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) technique. The crystal structures of all sintered materials were cubic (beta-SiC type). The observed densities of the sintered materials were more than 65% of calculated one (3.2g/cm3). Conduction type is n type for N doping and p-type for B doping. Carrier concentration is in the order of magnitude of 10**(19)cm-3 in the temperature range 673K to 1073K. The Hall mobility and electrical conductivity exceed those of the available date. The results indicate that SPS is effective for improvement of electrical conductivity of SiC based materials Japanese 2000年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2000＞　論文集 FY 2000 Proceedings of Functionally Gradient Materials 20 2001-11-29 129-134 低温実験に用いる種々の界面での熱伝達率の測定 Measurement of Heat Transfer Rates for Interfaces under Low Temperature 大池知子1)、長谷川靖洋2)、高山定次3)、山口作太郎1)1)核融合研、2)埼玉大、3)岐阜県セラミックス技研 Oike, T., Hasegawa, Y., Takayama, S., and Yamaguchi, S. National Institute for Fusion Science, Toki, Gifu, JapanSaitama University, Urawa, Saitama, Japan, Gifu Prefectural Institute for Ceramics Research and Technology, Tajimi, Gifu, Japan The measurements of physical properties for thermoelectric conductors need to control the temperatures of the samples. Therefore, we should employ appropriate materials for the electrodes and the sample-base in the experiment. Always the sample-base must be insulated from the sample electrically, but heat must transfer well between sample and its base in the measurements of electric resistivity and Hall coefficient. The other hand we obtain Nernst and Zeebeck coefficients measuring the samples with temperature gradient. Then we measured the heat transfer rates of some materials, conductors and insulators, possible to get easily from 40 K to room temperature. The heat transfer of indium sheet of 0.1 mm thickness and carbon sheet of 0.1 mm thickness are the highest among the materials we measured in this study, and Kapton tape is the lowest. We estimate thermal resistances of material itself and its pure interfaces. For almost samples the thermal resistances of material itself and its pure interfaces are similar in the region of room temperature, but the lower temperature the summation of the thermal resistance of its pure interfaces is larger than the material itself. Japanese 2000年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2000＞　論文集 FY 2000 Proceedings of Functionally Gradient Materials 20 2001-11-29 135-138 環境適合型FGM熱電材料 Self-organizing functionally graded thermoelectric materials ○油橋信宏1)、塩田一路2)、西田勲夫3)、篠原嘉一4)、米田征司5)、海部宏昌6)1)工学院大(院)、2)工学院大、3)工学院大AMC、4)金材技研、5)神奈川大、6)コマツ N. Yuhashi1), I. Shiota2), I. A. Nishida3), Y. Shinohara4), S. Yoneda5), H. T. Kaibe6) 1) Kogakuin University (graduate couse), Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan2) Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan3) Kogakuin University AMC, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan4) National Research Institute for Metals, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan5) Kanagawa University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan6) Komastu, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, Japan Thermoelectric properties of the unidirectionally grown p-type Ag0.208Sb0.275Te0.517 boule have been evaluated, and its feasibility of self-organizing functionally graded thermoelectric materials (FGMs) has been investigated. Though the phase diagram indicated that a high temperature phase of AgSbTe2 decomposed to Ag2Te and Sb2Te3 at 633 K or less, the boule consisted mainly of a high temperature phase of AgSbTe2. Ag2Te and Sb2Te3 more and more precipitated in the growth direction. Effective maximum power Pmax of the boule, whose cooled side temperature was 300 K, increased with heated side temperature, TH. The increasing rate of Pmax to TH was high above TH=633 K for the almost-no-precipitate part of the boule, while was high below TH=633 K for the more-and-more precipitate part. Precipitation of Ag2Te and Sb2Te3 lowered the optimum temperature of thermoelectric power generation below 633 K. From above the result, the Ag0.208Sb0.275Te0.517 boule, which is kept under a fixed temperature gradient, e. g. 300-750 K, can improve its power generation performance from the initial by self-organizing. Japanese 2000年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2000＞　論文集 FY 2000 Proceedings of Functionally Gradient Materials 20 2001-11-29 139-143 PbTe中における添加剤の拡散挙動について Diffusion behavior of dopants in PbTe 篠原嘉一、今井義雄、磯田幸宏金属材料技術研究所 Y. Shinohara, Y. Imai, Y. Isoda National Research Institute for metals, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305, Japan Diffusion of n-type dopants (PbI2 and ZrCl4) into PbTe has been investigated as a fundamental research of diffusion control to form continuous gradient of carrier concentration n. High purity of non-doped PbTe, which was p-type, was prepared using rocking furnace, and heat treated in PbI2 and ZrCl4 vapors. Diffusion thickness was evaluated by resistance measurement of one-probe and four-probes methods. All of the treated PbTe in PbI2 vapor changed to n-type with n of 2x10**24/m3 independently of heat treatment conditions. This is not due to PbI2 diffusion but to an intrinsic transport-property change of PbTe. The treated PbTe in ZrCl4 vapor showed diffusion thickness of 0.4mm at 973K for 50h. ZrCl4 diffusion in PbTe is as slow as Pb self-diffusion. Japanese 2000年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2000＞　論文集 FY 2000 Proceedings of Functionally Gradient Materials 20 2001-11-29 145-150 ナノ多孔体の細孔径制御によるデシカントロータ材料の傾斜構造化 Formation of Graded Structure in Desiccant Rotor Material with Control of Nanopore Size ○黄海冷、横田洋(株)荏原総合研究所 R. KIUMI, H. YOKOTA Ebara Research CO., LTD. The desiccant air conditioning system is remarkable as a new method to make comfortable space with energy saving. The desiccant rotor is the heart part in the system, and the humidity of introduced air decreases while it passes through the rotor, so that the distribution of the moisture quantity and the temperature occurs on the rotor surface. For improving the system efficiency, the desiccant materials with the best dehumidification characteristics were synthesized by the control of the uniform diameter of nanopore, according to the relation between the relative humidity of the air and the nanopore size. And the graded structure of the desiccant rotor was built by coating porous silica on the surface of ceramics honeycomb with control of the uniform diameter of nanopore, according to the distribution of the moisture quantity and the temperature. Japanese 2000年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2000＞　論文集 FY 2000 Proceedings of Functionally Gradient Materials 20 2001-11-29 151-156 FGM化燃焼加熱型熱電子発電素子の設計試作 Design and Fabrication of the Combustion-heated Thermionic Energy Converter with FGMs ○福田隆三、春日康弘、加藤健電子技術総合研究所 ○Ryuzo Fukuda, Yasuhiro Kasuga, Ken Kato Electrotechnical Laboratory A combustion-heated thermionic energy converter with FGMs has been designed and fabricated for an application of dispersed cogeneration energy sources . The prototype of the converter is made of CVD-SiC/graphite/CVD-W composite materials for the emitter, the sputtered AgOx layer on Ni substrate for the collector. The electrode area is 18.5cm2, the interelectrode spacing is 0.5mm at room temperature, and the thermionic energy converter operates in the cesium-filled ignited mode. The energy conversion efficiency of the combustion-heated thermionic energy converter at 1650K of the emitter temperature is estimated by heat balance calculation, the results being 14 to 18% for the conventional converter (output 0.7V, 10A/cm2), and 25 to 32% for the advanced type converter (1.2V, 10A/cm2) respectively. Japanese 2000年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2000＞　論文集 FY 2000 Proceedings of Functionally Gradient Materials 20 2001-11-29 157-162 太陽エネルギー利用熱電子発電器の発電効率および電極加熱 Efficiency and Electrode Heating of Solar Thermionic Energy Converter 荻野明久1)、権部雄一郎2)、村松俊哉2)、神藤正士1), 2)1）静岡大学大学院電子科学研究科、2）静岡大学大学院理工 A. Ogino1), Y. Gombu2), T. Muramatsu2) and M. KANDO1,2) 1) Graduate School of Electronic Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Johoku 3-5-1, Hamamatsu, 432-8011, Japan2) Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Shizuoka University, Johoku 35-1, Hamamatsu, 432-8561, Japan A solar energy driven thermionic energy converter is aimed the electric power generation by solar energy, which is used to emitter heating and auxiliary discharge for the establishment of the ignited mode. In the present paper, the conversion efficiency was evaluated to consider the possibility of such a novel thermionic energy converter. In the calculation, output current from the converter was assumed to be equal to the thermionic electron emission current in the case of ignited mode operation together with potential drop induced in the space between the electrodes of the converter. The emitter temperature was numerically calculated by heat conduction equation as a function of solar power density on the ground and the emitter surface. The numerical calculation shows that at a certain emitter work function, the conversion efficiency has a maximum, which increases with solar power and emitter temperature. Typical conversion efficiency at solar power of 1000 W is 9%, when the emitter with light trap for efficient emitter heating by solar light is considered. The emitter heating carried out using 105x75 cm square fresnel lens approved that SUS emitter with 15 mm in diameter and 1 mm thick was heated up to the temperature higher than 1800 K by solar energy of 840 W/m2. This will assure the actualization of the thermionic energy converter proposed here. Japanese 2000年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2000＞　論文集 FY 2000 Proceedings of Functionally Gradient Materials 20 2001-11-29 163-167 FGM熱電材料の評価法に関する試論 A Proposal on Evaluating Method of FGM Thermoelectric Material 野口照夫 Teruo Noguchi The homogeneous thermoelectric material is usually evaluated through the figure of merit Z defined by a formula Z=alpha 2/(rho K), where alpha Seebeck coefficient, rho thermal conductivity, and K thermal conductivity, respectively. However for inhomogeneous FGM thermoelectric materials, the above characteristics can not always be defined simply. A FGM material consisting of several uniform materials connected stepwise is considered, and an equivalent figure of merit is proposed together with a calculating method of the electromotive force and electrical resistance of the material with large temperature gradients. Japanese