# Fileset [proc-fgm-2001.xlsx](https://mdr.nims.go.jp/filesets/508c80da-d8a0-4c44-aa4f-303e07c03afc/download) ## Creator National Institute for Materials Science ## Rights ## Other metadata [FY 2001 Proceedings of Functionally Gradient Materials (FGM 2001) ](https://mdr.nims.go.jp/datasets/725db0fe-67d3-47d0-b7db-2035d5318435) ## Fulltext Sheet1 BookTitle_j BookTitle_e Volume/Issue Issueddate Page Title_j Title_e AuthorList_j AuthorList_e Abstract Language 2001年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2001＞　 FY 2001 Proceedings of Functionally Gradient Materials 22 2002-03-30 1-6 変換効率10％を目指したセグメント型熱電素子の開発 Development of Segmented Thermoelement for Efficient Energy Conversion 山本淳, 高澤弘幸, 李哲虎, 太田敏隆 Atsushi YAMAMOTO, Hiroyuki TAKAZAWA, Chul-Ho LEE, Toshitaka OHTA We developed high-performance p-type thermoelectric materials of beta-Zn4Sb3 which have figure of merit of ZT-0.94 660K. Combining beta-Zn4Sb3 with conventional Bi-Sb-Te-Se based thermoelectric materials and newly developed Te-doped CoSb3, segmented P -and N- type thermoelements were developed. The power generating characteristics of the P-type thermoelement showed relatively good agreement with the calculated one based on the transport properties of each segment. Japanese 2001年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2001＞　 FY 2001 Proceedings of Functionally Gradient Materials 22 2002-03-30 7-12 サーマルプローブ法による傾斜構造熱電材料の評価 (2) An application of Thermal Probe Method for Functionally Graded Thermoelectric Materials 2 山本淳, 高澤弘幸, 李哲虎, 太田敏隆 Atsushi YAMAMOTO, Hiroyuki TAKAZAWA, Chul-Ho LEE, Toshitaka OHTA We applied a thermal probe method to composite thermoelectric materials to evaluate two-dimensional distribution of Seebeck coefficient S and thermal conductivity kappa simultaneously. The measurements required only about 15 sec. for individual local point on surface of the plate-like specimens. Calibration procedure using some additional measurement of reference samples was successfully demonstrated in order to quantify kappa . Preliminary quantitative kappa mapping showed average error of 36% for a sample where kappa ranged from 10**-2 to 10**2Wm**-1K**-1. Thermal probe method was also applicable to kappa distribution measurement of metal/ceramics composites and insulation materials. Japanese 2001年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2001＞　 FY 2001 Proceedings of Functionally Gradient Materials 22 2002-03-30 13-18 熱処理におけるPbTe熱電材料のキャリア濃度傾斜化 Formation of Carrier Concentration Gradient in Thermoelectric Material PbTe by Heat Treatment 磯田幸宏、篠原嘉一、今井義雄 Yukihiro Isoda, Yoshikazu Shinohara, Yoshio Imai In order to produce the thermoelectric material which continuously gradient carrier concentration, the effect of heat treatment temperature on a carrier concentration n of the PbTe has been investigated. The stoichiometric PbTe was p-type conduction with a n of 1.0x10**24/m**3. Vacuum thermal exposure with Te-rich PbTe at 900K for 1h increased the n of the stoichiometric PbTe to 5.1x 10**24/m**3. the thermally exposed stoichiometric PbTe was heat treatment at temperatures from 300 to 900K for 24h. The n decreased with increasing heat treatment temperature between 300 and 500K, while increased with temperature between 500 and 900K. The thermally exposed PbTe was also heat treated under a temperature gradient of 340-900K. The thermally exposed PbTe was also heat treated under a temperature gradient of 340-900K for 24h. The n changed continuously with a minimum at 500K. The graded n was successfully formed in the p-type PbTe by temperature-graded heat treatment. Japanese 2001年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2001＞　 FY 2001 Proceedings of Functionally Gradient Materials 22 2002-03-30 19-24 n型PbTe熱電材料の特性に及ぼす金属添加元素の影響 Effect of Metal Dopants on Properties of n-type PbTe for Thermoelectric Generation. 今井義雄、篠原嘉一、磯田幸宏 Yoshio Imai, Yoshikazu Shinohara, Yukihiro Isoda We fabricated the unidirectional solidification PbTe doped with Zr, Bb, Al or Mo and investigated the thermoelectrical properties. Zr, Nb and Al were effective as n-type dopant in PbTe, but Mo was not. Carrier concentration of PbTe doped with Nb was constant at 0.1mol% or more doping. The maximum mobility of PbTe with 3x10**24/m**3 carrier concentration was achieved by Zr doping. PbTe doped with Zr is promising as a low temperature side material of the stepwise PbTe FGM. PbTe doped with Al is acceptable for the elevated-temperature side material of the FGM since the resistivity and mobility at 1x10**25/m**3 was small and large respectively. The n-type dopants of Zr, Nb and Al showed the maximum generation rate of carrier at 0.1~0.15mol% doping. Japanese 2001年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2001＞　 FY 2001 Proceedings of Functionally Gradient Materials 22 2002-03-30 25-30 PbTeの電気的特性の熱履歴現象について Thermal Hysteresis of Electrical Resistivity of PbTe. 篠原嘉一、今井義雄、磯田幸宏、田口健二 Yoshikazu Shinohara, Yoshio Imai, Yukihiro Isoda, K. Taguchi Thermal hysteresis of electrical resistivity rho of PbTe has been investigated as a fundamental research on thermal stability of PbTe FGM. The unidirectionally solidified ingots of non-doped PbTe(p-type) and ZrCl4-doped PbTe(n-type) were prepared using rocking furnace, and the sintered compact of the non-doped PbTe(p-type)was by hot pressing. The results are as follows:1)Thermal exposure above 500K, especially above 700K, caused the change in carrier concentration for all the three kings of PbTe, resulting in thermal hysteresis of rho.2)The Fermi level was at the edge of the valence band and conduction band for p-type and n-type PbTe, respectively.3)Independently of the conduction type, PbTe showed the same activation energy of thermal carrier above 700K. Japanese 2001年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2001＞　 FY 2001 Proceedings of Functionally Gradient Materials 22 2002-03-30 31-38 HB型熱電モジュールで構成される3段カスケード型kW級熱電発電用装置の設計に関する一検討 An Examination of the Design of a kW-Range 3-Stage Cascaded Thermoelectric Power Generation Device Composed of HB-type Thermoelectric Modules 丹治雍典、木皿且人、新野正之 A practical thermoelectric power generation device heated by solar energy was designed and the possibility of its manufacture was examined. The device is composed of a solar collector, a heliostat, a kW-range 3-stage cascaded hamburger(HB)-type thermoelectric module made of 3 kinds of thermoelectric elements of GeSi, PbTe and (Bi, Sb)2(Te, Se)3, and a new type of heat think shaped of a box. The device was designed for application of both terrestrial and space use. Each module is composed of 850-900 thermoelectric elements. The solar collector is able to supply 6.8kW heat to the thermal heat absorber on the on the earth, and 11.9 kW heat in the space respectively. Japanese 2001年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2001＞　 FY 2001 Proceedings of Functionally Gradient Materials 22 2002-03-30 39-42 放電プラズマ焼結による高密度SiC半導体材料の作製 Thermoelectric Properties of high-density SiC Fabricated by Spark Plasma Sintering 角直美、北川裕之、野田泰稔 N.Kado, H.Kitagawa, Y.Noda Si3N4 doped SiC-Sintered materials were fabricated at 2000degC by SPS (Spark Plasma Sintering) technique. The crystal structure of all the sintered materials was cubic (beta-SiC type ) and the observed densities were more than 90% of calculated one (3.2g/cm**3). Conduction of all the doped materials was n-type and the carrier concentration increased with increased amount of Si3N4. The Seebeck coefficient decreased and the electrical resistivity increased with increased amount of Si3N4, which results in the maximum power factor an the Si3N4-doping of 7wt%. Japanese 2001年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2001＞　 FY 2001 Proceedings of Functionally Gradient Materials 22 2002-03-30 43-48 ヘリコンスパッタ法による屈折率傾斜酸化物薄膜の作製と光学特性 Optical properties of oxide films with graded refractive index prepared by helicon plasma sputtering 増本博、染野義博、後藤孝、平井敏雄 Hiroshi Masumoto, Yoshihiro Someno, Takashi Goto, Toshio Hirai An optical reflection filter and passband filter having graded refractive index were designed. Designed filters had 99% or more of reflectance in the reflective band, and 99% or more of transmittance in the pass band. Films with symmetrically step-wise graded refractive index contribute to suppress the sidelobes. These films consisted of TiO2 and SiO2 were prepared by helicon plasma sputtering. The reflection filter exhibited a sharp cutoff reflection band and a wide pass regions with high transmittance. These results well correspond with calculated estimations. Japanese 2001年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2001＞　 FY 2001 Proceedings of Functionally Gradient Materials 22 2002-03-30 49-54 ダイヤモンド型フォトニック結晶による完全バンドギャップ形成と電磁波制御 Electromagnetic Wave Control by Utilizing Perfect Bandgap of Diamond Photonic Crystals 桐原聡秀、宮本欽生、武田三男、梶山健二 Soshu Kirihara, Yoshinari Miyamoto, Mitsuo Takeda, Kenji Kajiyama Three dimensional electromagnetic or photonic crystals with periodic variations of the dielectric constants were fabricated by a rapid prototyping method called stereolithography. Millimeter-order epoxy lattices with a diamond structure were designed to reflect electromagnetic waves by forming and electromagnetic bandgap in the GHz range. Titanium oxide based ceramic particles were dispersed into the lattice to control the dielectric constant, resulting in the formation of narrow and deep bandgaps. Crystals of the inverse form that have a network of holes with the diamond structure in a dielectric matrix were successfully fabricated as well. these inverse diamond structures formed the perfect bandgap reflecting electromagnetic waves for all directions. And the inverse crystal with graded lattice spacing was fabricated to obtain the wider bandgap. The location of the bandgap agreed with the band calculation using the plane wave propagation method. Japanese 2001年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2001＞　 FY 2001 Proceedings of Functionally Gradient Materials 22 2002-03-30 55-60 傾斜機能圧電アクチュエータに関する研究 Functionally Graded Piezoelectric Actuators 裘進浩、谷順二、高橋弘文、森田哲平、広瀬浩司 Jinhao QIU, Junji TANI, Hirofumi TAKAHASHI, Teppei MORITA, Koji HIROSE A new type of functionally graded (FG) piezoelectric bending actuator was proposed by the authors in the former study and the advantage of the new actuator over the traditional bimorph and unimorph actuators in internal stress distribution was illustrated by simulation results. In this study, the functionally graded piezoelectric bending actuator was designed and fabricated. The material compositions with different dielectric and piezoelectric constants were selected from the Pb(Ni**1/3Nb**2/3)O3-PbZrO3-PbTiO3(PNN-PZ-PT) family and used as the four layers in the new FG piezoelectric actuator. The piezoelectric constant and dielectric constant were graded oppositely in the thickness direction. The stress distribution in the FG piezoelectric actuator under external voltage was analyzed using finite element method (FEM) and the simulation results showed that the stress discontinuity of the new actuator is smaller than that of the traditional bimorph actuators. Durability of the fabricated FG piezoelectric actuators was measured in a vibration test and compared with that of the traditional bimorph actuator to evaluate the improvement of performance. The results showed that the durability of the FG piezoelectric actuators is much higher than that of the bimorph actuator. Japanese 2001年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2001＞　 FY 2001 Proceedings of Functionally Gradient Materials 22 2002-03-30 61-66 CT法を用いた磁気的傾斜機能材料の非破壊評価 Nondestructive Evaluation of Magnetic Gradient in Magnetically Graded Material by CT Technique 渡辺義見、酒井博詞、中島隆行 Yoshimi WATANABE, Hiroshi SAKAI, Takayuki NAKAJIMA There is widespread and increasingly recognized needs for non-destructive evaluation (NDE) techniques capable of determining the profiles of functionally graded materials (FGMs). In this study, the magnetically graded materials are fabricated by an inhomogeneous compression deformation of the conical-shaped Fe-Cr-Ni alloy, The magnetic flux density distribution of the specimens was measured by magnetic field CT (Computed Tomography ) imaging system. It was found that magnetically graded materials with coaxially graded profile could be fabricated by an inhomogeneous compression deformation of the conical-shaped specimens. The magnetic flux density distribution of the magnetically graded material was evaluated by the magnetic field CT imaging system. It is concluded that the magnetic field images, obtained by the magnetic field DT imaging system, may provide an effective method for the NDE of magnetically graded materials through a simple measurement. Japanese 2001年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2001＞　 FY 2001 Proceedings of Functionally Gradient Materials 22 2002-03-30 67-72 宇宙エネルギーネットワークにおけるFGM課題の抽出 FGM　Problems in space Energy Network 藤田和久、木皿且人、中野正勝、Viliam Kmetik,丹治雍典、新野正之、渡辺雅人、谷内哲夫 Kazuhisa Fujita, Katsuto Kisara, Masakatsu Nakano, Viliam Kmetik, Yoshinori Tanji, Masayuki Niino, Masato Watanabe, Tetsuo Taniuchi Subjects for development of laser energy network (LE-NET) in space was discussed from FGM point of view. Solar Excited Laser (SEL) should be developed to realize LE-NET with low cost due to its light-weight system and high efficiency. Broad-band solar spectrum can be efficiently utilized (absorbed) with FGM laser material. Heat problem is so sever in space that thermo-electric device can be used for enhancing heat conduction and/or electrical power production. Radiator is essential in space, and its performance can be enhanced by using FGM structure. Japanese 2001年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2001＞　 FY 2001 Proceedings of Functionally Gradient Materials 22 2002-03-30 73-79 統合ホットスペースパワーラボラトリ Integrated Hot Space Power Laboratory Ryuzo Fukuda, Yoshiyuki Abe Ryuzo Fukuda, Yoshiyuki Abe The concept of integrated Hot Space Power Laboratory (I-HSPL) is proposed as a future space power system of higher power and efficiency. The I-HSPL makes use of concentrated solar energy as a high temperature heat source and generates electric power by stationary energy conversion technologies such as the thermionic energy conversion and the alkali metal thermoelectric energy conversion (AMTEC). The target value of eta sys of I-HSPL is calculated to be greater than 30%.The I-HSPL, for instance, will be applied for the reusable orbiter transfer vehicle (OTV) and will be able to contribute the cost reduction of future space launch and transportation. Japanese 2001年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2001＞　 FY 2001 Proceedings of Functionally Gradient Materials 22 2002-03-30 81-85 傾斜機能材料データベースの開発 The Development of FGM　Database 木皿且人、藤田和久、鈴木佑之、海老由希子、新野正之 As to the FGM research, which Japan has been leading since the concept of FGM had been proposed, there were many research achievements having been presented as results of projects and researches conducted in Japan and other countries. In order to make use of such data as common property of all researchers, National Aerospace Laboratory of Japan has been working on Preparation of a FGM database since October 1999 together with Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST) that supports financially granting the fund for supporting database preparation business. The database will enable every individual such as researchers, engineers and students to search for information freely from the Internet. The database will be prepared in both English and Japanese and offered to the public in fall, 2002. In this paper, the outline of the system, preparation schedule and progress are reported. Japanese 2001年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2001＞　 FY 2001 Proceedings of Functionally Gradient Materials 22 2002-03-30 87-91 傾斜組成コーティング皮膜のプラズマ加熱による耐熱性評価 Evaluation of Thermal Resistance Property by Plasma Heating for Graded Coatings 安藤秀泰、伊藤義康、須山章子、新藤尊彦 Hideyasu Andoh, Yoshiyasu Itoh, Shoko Suyama, Takahiko Shindoh Tungsten/copper coatings have been developed by use of plasma spraying process for electric arc resistant coatings. In this study, we developed the evaluation method of the thermal resistance property under temperature gradient by plasma heating. By using the developed plasma heating evaluation method, we estimated the thermal resistance properties of plasma sprayed tungsten/copper coatings. As a result, it was clarified that the thermal resistance property of the tungsten/copper coatings was improved by grading the ratio of tungsten and copper. Namely, the heat-cycle resistance property of the graded three layers tungsten/copper coating, of which volume ratios of tungsten/copper were 0/10, 4/6 and 2/8, was better than that of the two layers coatings, of which volume ratios of tungsten/copper were 0/10/and 2/8. Japanese 2001年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2001＞　 FY 2001 Proceedings of Functionally Gradient Materials 22 2002-03-30 93-98 アーク熱源を利用したニオブの耐酸化被覆における化学組成と微細組織の傾斜 Functionally Graded Changes in Chemical Composition and Microstructure in oxidation Resistant Coating on Niobium Formed Using Arc Heat Source 小柳貴幸、松浦清隆、工藤昌行 A new method for coating of niobium with NbAl3 using tungsten arc heat source is proposed, and its feasibility is experimentally investigated. In the experiment, the tungsten arc was supplied onto and aluminum block placed on a niobium base metal. The aluminum block and the surface of the base metal were melted, and a liquid pool containing aluminum and niobium was formed on the base metal. Immediately after stopping the supply of the arc, the liquid solidified into multiple layers of intermetallics in an aluminum-niobium system, bringing about strong bonding between the base metal and the coating layers. An EPMA analysis revealed that the multiple layers consisted of the first layer of dense NbAl3, the second layer of a mixture of dendritic NbAl3 and NbAl3-Nb2Al eutectic and the third layer of the same eutectic. Japanese 2001年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2001＞　 FY 2001 Proceedings of Functionally Gradient Materials 22 2002-03-30 99-102 プラズマ浸炭を利用したNi基自溶性合金皮膜の表面改質 Surface Treatment of Ni-base Self-Fluxing Alloy by Plasma- Carburization 韓王行、金山信幸、北川裕之、野田泰稔 H.Han, N.Kanayama, H.Kitagawa, Y.Noda Surface treatments of Ni-base self-fluxing alloy (METCO16C), which is thermal sprayed on a stainless steel of SUS304, were studied. The fusing was carried out at 1338K for 10.8ks and plasma-carburization was carried out at 1338K for 0.9~7.2ks. From electron probe micro-analysis and X-ray diffraction results, it is confirmed that nickel borides and chromium borides were formed in the fused specimen and nickel carbides and chromium carbides were formed in the plasma-carburized specimen. Vickers hardness of the surface increases with increasing plasma carburization time, which may be due to the formation of carbides. Japanese 2001年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2001＞　 FY 2001 Proceedings of Functionally Gradient Materials 22 2002-03-30 103-108 酸化物繊維/高速鋼複合材の微細構造および機械特性 Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Oxide Fibers/ high-speed Steel Composites Y.Hirata, S.Sameshima, Y.Nakashima, Y.Niibo, T.Uezono, H.Sueyoshi, S.Uchida, S.Hamauzu and S.Kurita Y.Hirata, S.Sameshima, Y.Nakashima, Y.Niibo, T.Uezono, H.Sueyoshi, S.Uchida, S.Hamauzu and S.Kurita The key factors to penetrate high-speed steel (shorten as HSS) into the open spaces of the alumina fiber yarn were investigated using hot-pressing technique for the formation of a functionally gradient structure. The composites of alumina fibers-HSS system were formed by laminating the HSS powder sheets and alumina fibers (doctor blade method) or dispersing the fibers in acetone suspensions of HSS powder(molding method). These green composites were hot-pressed at 1000-1200degC in an Ar atmosphere under a pressure range of 19.5-39 MPa. Factors that affect the high degree of penetration of HSS were identified as:(1)the short hot-pressing (<5min) at 1200degC and subsequent hot-pressing at a lower temperature, (2)the dissolution of sizing agent of unidirectional fiber yarn (enhanced dispersibility of filament) and (3)coating of the alumina fibers with Ni metal. Control of the above factors provided the dense composites with well-dispersed alumina fibers in the HSS matrix. Sintering between the fibers was also suppressed in the composites of high fiber content such as 67 vol.%. Japanese 2001年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2001＞　 FY 2001 Proceedings of Functionally Gradient Materials 22 2002-03-30 109-112 傾斜機能耐熱タイルの取付治具と一体焼結による試作 Concept Verification Model of Heat-Resistance Tile with a Metallic Fastener 岡本修、中谷輝臣、鈴木誠三(航技研)、力武幸、野口博徳(長崎菱テク)、藪内賀義(三菱電機) Osamu Okamoto (National Aerospace Laboratory of Japan,7-44-1 jindaiji-higashi, Chofu, Tokyo, Japan), Teruomi Nakaya, Seizou Suzuki(NAL). Miyuki Rikitake,HironoriNoguchi (Ryoutech), and Kazuyoshi Yabuuchi (Melco) This paper reports results of test pieces formed as an heat-resistance tile with a metallic two-dimensional fastener which are fabricated by sintering the mixture of metallic powders and ceramics powders and fastener in one piece. The tile is attachable and detachable to external walls of a space plane with a mating fastener. The feature is no adhesives, nor bolts at tile operation for maintenance. Japanese 2001年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2001＞　 FY 2001 Proceedings of Functionally Gradient Materials 22 2002-03-30 113-118 傾斜機能材料平板の熱衝撃特性評価 Thermal Shock Properties of Functionally Graded Material Plates 金剛、本多沢雄、西川直宏、淡路英夫 G.Jin, S.Honda, T.Nishikawa and H.Awaji One-dimensional calculation is employed to evaluate the steady-state and transient temperature/ stress distributions in a multilayered functionally graded ceramic-metal composite materials. The residual thermal stress aroused from fabrication process is also evaluated. Then the thermal shock properties are analyzed under the consideration of both the in-service stress and the residual stress. The result shows that the residual thermal stress has strong influence on the stress distribution on ceramic surface. Japanese 2001年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2001＞　 FY 2001 Proceedings of Functionally Gradient Materials 22 2002-03-30 119-124 持続可能な開発のための傾斜機能材料-繰返し傾斜性を考慮した木材の水分移動による応力- Functionally Graded Material for Sustainable Development ?Stress Caused by Moisture Transfer in Wood with Repeated Grading Properties 小畑良洋、竹内和畝、今西佑志、古田裕三、金山公三 Y.Obata, K.Takeuchi, H.Imanishi, Y.Furuta, K.Kanayama Wood has been recognized as a prospective industrial material for sustainable development. The study to improve the weak points of wood is expected to make better use of wood. Compressing of wood is a prospective technology to give enough strength and hardness to soft and useless wood. This study aims to know the stress in wood caused by moisture transfer. The knowledge could be available to find out the most suitable process conditions for compressing wood. The wood was modeled as a laminated plate composed of FGM plates. Only Fick's law was considered for moisture transfer. We gave grading property of wood to its density and other material properties were assumed to be dependent on density. Lorentz's function was used to define the grading of density in annual ring. It was found that the calculated repeated stress distribution was similar to the state of repeated inside structure of compressed wood. Japanese 2001年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2001＞　 FY 2001 Proceedings of Functionally Gradient Materials 22 2002-03-30 125-130 フラクタル解析による粒子形状傾斜型傾斜機能材料の評価 Evaluation of Particle-Shape Graded Materials by Fractal Analysis 松田公一、渡辺義見、上條正義、福井泰好 Koichi Matsuda, Yoshimi Watanabe, Masayoshi Kamijo, Yasuyoshi Fukui In previous study, we have succeeded to fabricate aluminum base functionally graded materials (FGMs) with fine Al3Ni intermetallic particles which were originated from large Al3Ni particles. The operation was done by a semi-solid forming under the temperature of molten aluminum and solid Al3Ni intermetallic compound particles coexisting condition. The size of Al3Ni particles within the FGMs was found to distribute in a graded manner as well as the volume fraction of Al3Ni particles. Here, mechanical properties depend on the volume fraction particles, particle size and particle shape in case of particle-dispersed FGMs. Therefore, it is also necessary to evaluate the Al3Ni particle shape for obtaining high performance FGMs. In the present study, the fractal analysis is used to examine the particle shape distribution within the FGMs and the process yielding fine Al3Ni intermetallic particles is discussed based on the experimental results. Japanese 2001年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2001＞　 FY 2001 Proceedings of Functionally Gradient Materials 22 2002-03-30 131-136 タフセラ法による脆性材料の表面強靱化 Surface toughening of brittle materials by Tough-Cera Method 文元振、坂公恭、堀内秀一、内村勝次 W.-J Moon, H.Saka, S.Horiuchi, S.Uchimura A novel technique, Tough-Cera Method, has been developed. Single crystals of yttrium aluminium garnet(YAG) and alpha-Al2O3 were damaged at room temperature by Vickers indentation and shot-peening, respectively, followed by annealing at high temperature. During the annealing cracks introduced at room temperature were healed and dislocation cell structure was formed. This treatment, Tough-Cera method, improves the fracture toughness (K Ic)of brittle materials by a factor of more than two. Japanese 2001年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2001＞　 FY 2001 Proceedings of Functionally Gradient Materials 22 2002-03-30 137-141 低圧ろ過法による傾斜機能材料の製作特性 Production characteristics of functional graded materials by the low-pressure filtration method 加島慎也、中條旭、内田悦行、比嘉俊太郎、林二一 S.Kashima, A.Nakajo, Y.Uchida, S.Higa, N.Hayashi This paper attempt to manufacture large-thickness functionally graded materials, which applied the characteristic of the metallic materials and the ceramic materials for developing structural materials which has heat-resistance and hardness. We attempt to manufacture large-thickness functionally graded materials by means of a solid-liquid separation technique using a vacuum filtration and consolidation method. This manufacture method has the advantage not to agree to the size of materials more by the handy operation. Compressive buckling test, SEM observation, micro analyzer analysis were carried out, while the shape defect was compared on functional graded material which produced by vacuum filtration suction pressure (4kPa) by the production process, and test piece were produced in vacuum filtration suction pressure (67kPa). Japanese 2001年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2001＞　 FY 2001 Proceedings of Functionally Gradient Materials 22 2002-03-30 143-148 Al2O3~Fe-Ni系傾斜機能パイプの合成 Fabrication of Al2O3~Fe-Ni Functionally Graded Pipes 小林弘旺 H.Kobayashi The fabrication of Al2O3~Fe-Ni functionally graded pipes has been investigated by slurry coating and pressureless sintering process. Each slurry of Al2O3~Fe-Ni mixture and Fe-Ni was coated on the Al2O3 pipes formed by slip casting or planetary slip casting method. The laminar green pipes were sintered in vacuum at 1623K. The structure of pipes fabricated by this method was optically and microscopically examined and the graded distribution was examined by a X-ray line analysis of Al and Fe. The pipes with 2 layers of Al2O3 and Fe-Ni had crevices in those bonding interface. Some functionally graded pipes with 3 layers or multiplayer were free from cracks and warps, and had the bonding interfaces bonded completely each other. These pipes had the graded distribution of Al and Fe in the middle layers. The pipes with 3 layers had better resistance to thermal shock than that of only Al2O3 pipe. Japanese 2001年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2001＞　 FY 2001 Proceedings of Functionally Gradient Materials 22 2002-03-30 149-154 ムライト－モリブデン連続的傾斜ホーローシリンダー作製のための新しい手法 A New Approach for the Fabrication of Mullite- Mo Continuous Graded Hollow Cylinders R.Sivakumar, T.Nishikawa, S.Honda, H.Awaji and F.D.Gnanam R.Sivakumar, T.Nishikawa, S.Honda, H.Awaji and F.D.Gnanam Mullite-Mo continuous graded hollow cylinders were fabricated by a new technique named Centrifugal Molding Technique (CMT). Two types of mixing procedures were carried out to analyze the change in compositional profile along thickness direction. Dried graded cylinders were sintered in reduced atmosphere of H2/N2 environment at 1600degC for 3hrs. Sintered specimens had gradations with ceramic rich in inner surface and metal rich in outer surface along the thickness direction. Microstructural observation and EDX analysis performed showed linear gradation of Mo content along the radial direction of these cylinders. Measured Vickers hardness values proved the continuous compositional change from inner to outer surface of graded cylinders. Results showed that direct stirrer mixing procedure had better result than that of stirrer mixing of pre-mixed composite powder. Japanese 2001年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2001＞　 FY 2001 Proceedings of Functionally Gradient Materials 22 2002-03-30 155-160 生体活性性のある傾斜機能材料製人工股関節の材料設計と動的応力／変形解析 Material Design and Dynamic Stress/ Displacement Analysis of a Bioactive Artificial Hip Joint Composed of Functionally Graded Material 菅野良弘、西村文仁、松崎広嘉、那須川さちえ、阿波弘治 Y.Sugano, F.Nishimura, H.Matsuzaki, S.Nasukawa, K.Awa In this paper, material design is presented for the artificial acetabular socket composed of functionally graded materials (FGMs) having bioactivity able to bond to living bone and a function of stress relaxation. The artificial acetabular socket is assumed to be a nonhomogeneous hollow hemisphere having arbitrary non-homogeneous mechanical properties only in the radial direction, and then in the hemisphere subjected to axisymmetric impulsive loading on the inner spherical surface, the dynamic stresses and displacement are analyzed by using finite element method.Three analysis models are used: (a) UHMWPE socket fixated to bone with PMMA bone cement; (b) UHMWPE socket fixated to bone with interface bioactive bone cement; and (c) UHMWPE socket with porous AW-glass coating fixated by bone ingrowth into the pores of the coating layer. Japanese