# Fileset [fgm-1996-1-262.xlsx](https://mdr.nims.go.jp/filesets/4d535fc3-3a30-401b-8b63-05a4d13bbf7a/download) ## Creator National Institute for Materials Science ## Rights ## Other metadata [FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 (pp.1-262)](https://mdr.nims.go.jp/datasets/a3fa7862-e285-49e0-b589-bbbab0662290) ## Fulltext Sheet1 BookTitle_j BookTitle_e Volume/Issue Issueddate Page Title_j Title_e AuthorList_j AuthorList_e Abstract Language FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 1-8 日本におけるFGM（傾斜機能材料）研究プログラム　　　　　構造利用から機能利用へ FGM research programs in Japan ---from structural to functional uses 宮本欽生、新野正之、小泉光恵大阪大学　産業科学研究所　高機能極限材料研究センター航空宇宙技術研究所　角田市龍谷大学　理工学部　物質化学科 Y. Miyamoto, M. Niino and M. KoizumiThe Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, JapanNational Aerospace Laboratories, Kakuda, JapanFaculty of Science and Technology, Ryukoku University, Japan The FGM concept can be applied to various material fields for structural and functional uses. In Japan, several five-year programs have been conducted over the past ten years in order to develop the architecture of FGMs, and also to develop these materials for high temperature applications (e.g., components for the hypersonic space plane) and for functional applications (e.g., thermoelectric and thermionic converters). These programs are discussed with respect to the construction of FGM architecture and the future of FGMs. English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 9-14 ドイツにおける傾斜機能材料研究 Research program on gradient materials in Germany J. Rodel and A. NeubrandFachberich Materialwissenschaft, Technische Hochschule Darmstadt, PetersenstraBe23, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany J. Rodel and A. NeubrandFachberich Materialwissenschaft, Technische Hochschule Darmstadt, PetersenstraBe23, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany The concept of the program on gradient materials, which was started in the fall of 1995, will be outlined. The program is structured in four subgroups, co-ordinating work in powder metallurgy, melt processing, coatings and functional materials. Since it is scheduled to run for 6years, the early emphasis will be on processing, with some support in modelling and characterisation. There is no constraint on any group or combination of materials, but metal/ceramic combinations feature most prominent in the current arrangement. The prime constraint on accepting research into the core program results from the requirement that the gradient needs to determine the relevant properties of the gradient material and needs to extend over most of the active part of the component. English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 15-20 ローザンヌでの７年間にわたるFGM研究から得られた教訓 Lessons learnt in 7 years of FGM research at Lausanne B. illschnerDept. of Materials, Swiss Fed. Inst. of Technology Lausanne B. illschnerDept. of Materials, Swiss Fed. Inst. of Technology Lausanne General experience gained during the research period 1988-1955 underlay the difficulties to make FGM economically visible (" marketplace"). The conclusion is the suggestion to focus future research on graded materials on 1)fundamental aspects ("Functions of Gradients in Materials") and 2)an effort to develop fast, low-cost, highly reliable fabrication routes for technically relevant components. English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 21-27 傾斜機能材料の局部場 Local fields in functionally graded materials Yevgen D. Bilotsky and Michael M. GasikInstitute of Physics, 252650 Kyiv, UkraineHelsinki University of Technology, 02150 Espoo, Finland Yevgen D. Bilotsky and Michael M. GasikInstitute of Physics, 252650 Kyiv, UkraineHelsinki University of Technology, 02150 Espoo, Finland The structure and basic properties of the FGMs of different systems have been studied theoretically. There is a need for theoretical basis, which would allow to describe the structure and properties of materials from first principles, while remaining simple and easy to use. In this work, such theoretical principles are suggested and their applications to heat flow and respective stress fields in FGMs are considered as example. These principles can be spread out for other materials. English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 29-34 コンピューターによる傾斜気孔膜の製造設計 Computer-Aided Process Design for Forming of Pore-Gradient Membranes C.-W. HongUniversitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Institut fur Werkstoffwissenschaften (3), Martensstrasse 5, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany C.-W. HongUniversitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Institut fur Werkstoffwissenschaften (3), Martensstrasse 5, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany The DEM simulation method has been used to study the mechanics for the pore-gradient formation via centrifugal casting. A model system based on the dynamic similarity has been applied for the simulation. The simulation results show that pore-gradient membranes can be formed by using stabilized Al2O3 suspensions with a suspension height of 70 mm and a density of <= 10% under a centrifugal acceleration of greater than 40g. These design parameters have been applied and verified experimentally. English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 35-40 軸対称FGMの数学的モデル Mathematical Model for Axial-Symmetrical FGM X.D.Zhanga, T.Q.Liua.., C.C.GebaMathematics-Mechanics Faculty, bLaboratory of Special Ceramics &P/M University of Science and Technology Beijing X.D.Zhanga, T.Q.Liua.., C.C.GebaMathematics-Mechanics Faculty, bLaboratory of Special Ceramics &P/M University of Science and Technology Beijing Analytical procedure for empty cylinder of Functionally Graded Material (FGM) with axial symmetry has been investigated. Based on thermal elasticity theory and computational mathematical method, temperature distribution has been obtained and thermal stress of FGM in ring section has been calculated. English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 41-46 FGMと結合した二材料の応力分析 Stress analysis in a two materials joint with a functionally graded material Y.Y.Yang and D. MunzInstitute for Reliability and Failure Analysis, Karlsruhe UniversityP.O. Box 3640, D-76021Karlsruhe, Germany Y.Y.Yang and D. MunzInstitute for Reliability and Failure Analysis, Karlsruhe UniversityP.O. Box 3640, D-76021Karlsruhe, Germany In this paper the stresses in a joint with a functionally graded material (FGM) are analyzed. In the middle of a joint with FGM the stresses have been calculated analytically by using the plate theory. The effect of the thickness of the FGM layer and the effect of the transition function form on the stresses in the joint is discussed. Near the free edges of the interface in a joint with FEM, the stresses are described analytically by using the Mellin transform method. Some examples are presented to show the good agreement of the stresses calculated from FGM and with the analytical description in a joint with graded material. English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 47-52 Tic/Ni3Al-Ni F傾斜機能材料の最適な設計と製造 Optimum Design and Fabrication of TiC/Ni3Al-Ni Functionally Graded Materials Q. Shen , X.-F. Tang , R. Tu , L.-M. Zhang and R.-Z. YuanState Key Lab. of Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Hubei, 430070 P.R. China Q. Shen , X.-F. Tang , R. Tu , L.-M. Zhang and R.-Z. YuanState Key Lab. of Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Hubei, 430070 P.R. China TiC/Ni3Al-Ni system was chosen for the potential use as the first wall materials of thermonuclear experimental reactors. The residual thermal stresses during fabrication were calculated by finite element method. Based on the consideration of minimum stress, minimum ratio of stress to fracture strength and proper distribution of thermal stress in pure TiC side, the optimum design with the distribution exponent P=1.6 was reached. According to the design result, TiC/Ni3Al-Ni FGM samples were then successfully fabricated. English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 53-58 遠心鋳造法で製造された傾斜機能材料における粒子分布の数学的モデル A Mathematical Model for Particle Distribution in Functionally Graded Material Produced by Centrifugal Cast Zhang Baosheng Zhu Jingchuan Zhang Yongjum Ying Zhongda Cheng Hongsheng An GeyingSchool of Material Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Compus Box 434, Harbin 150001, P.R.China Zhang Baosheng, Zhu Jingchuan, Zhang Yongjum, Ying Zhongda, Cheng Hongsheng, An GeyingSchool of Material Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Compus Box 434, Harbin 150001, P.R.China INTRODUCTION Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs), with gradiently distributed reinforcement particles, can be produced conveniently by centrifugal cast due to the segregation phenomena which is caused by the different specific gravities of reinforcement particles and alloy liquids. To produce FGMs with accurately distributed particles, the sedimentation procedure of reinforcement particles in centrifugal fields should be theoretically grasped. For this purpose, the paper applies the continuous theory and builds up the mathematical and physical model for reinforcement particle distribution by considering the influence of alloy viscosity and solidification on particle sedimentation as well as the interrelation of particles. Then the author solves this model numerically and simulates the sedimentation procedure with aids of numerical analysis and computer graphics. At last, a SiCp/A356 FGM is prepared to rectify the results of theoretical analysis. English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 59-64 溶射で製造したFGMコーティング内の応力変化のモデリングおよび測定 Modeling and measurement of stress evolution in FGM coatings during fabrication by thermal spray 黒田聖治 a, Y. Tashiro b and 福島孟 aa 金属材料技術研究所　305　茨城県つくば市千現1-2-1b 東京理科大学　278　千葉県野田市山崎２６４１ S. Kurodaa, Y. Tashiro and T. FukushimaaaNational Research Institute for Metals, Advanced Materials Processing Division, 1-2-1, Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki305, JapanbDepartment of Materials Science and Technology, The Science University of Tokyo, 2641, Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278, Japan INTRODUCTION In thermal spray, molten powder particles are sprayed onto a substrate to form relatively thick coatings of a wide range of materials and the technique has been used to form functionally gradient coatings (FGM) for various applications. Residual stresses in thus formed FGM is an important factor which can affect the durability of the FGM under service conditions. We have developed an instrument to continuously measure the curvature of a thin substrate in-situ during spraying to understand the mechanism of stress generation in sprayed coatings. With the understanding acquired through the experiments, a numerical model has been developed to predict the residual stress distributions in thermal sprayed FGM. English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 65-68 TiB2/Cu傾斜機能材料の人工ニューラルネットワーク Artificial neural network used for TiB2-Cu FGM design Z.C.Mu a , Z.X.Wang b , W.B.Cao b ,C.C.Ge ba School of Authomation and Information Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P.R. Chinab Laboratory of Special Ceramics and Power Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P.R. China Z.C.Mua , Z.X.Wangb , W.B.Caob ,C.C.GebaSchool of Authomation and Information Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P.R. ChinabLaboratory of Special Ceramics and Power Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P.R. China As FGM is a kind of complex heterogeneous composites, the underlying relationship among various factors (composition, constitution, processing parameters etc.) affecting its properties such as density, hardness, strength, fracture toughness, hot shock resistance, elastic modulus and grain size etc. of the bulk or certain layer of FGM are subtle, complicated and very difficult to describe as formulas or rules. Artificial neural network (ANN) does not require any explicit knowledge rules to construct, and can learn by itself to form "mapping" from inputs to outputs. In this work, ANN is first applied for density estimation of the FGM. English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 69-74 焼結中の傾斜圧粉体の変形解析 Deformation analysis of graded powder compacts during sintering 品川一成阿南工業高等専門学校　機械工学科　774　徳島県阿南市見能林町 K. ShinagawaDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Anan College of Technology Minobayashi Anan, Tokushima 774, Japan A method for simulating the deformation behavior of graded powder compacts during sintering is proposed. A constitutive model for sintering of metal and ceramic powder mixtures is presented. The constitutive equation is applied to the viscoplastic finite element method. The shape change in graded powder plates during sintering is predicted. The effects of sintering properties of the powders and their combinations on warpage in the sintered plates are examined. English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 75-80 組成傾斜した金属-セラミック構造の弾塑性変形のシミュレーション：平均場とユニットセルによるアプローチ Simulation of the Elasto-Plastic Deformations in Compositionally Graded Metal-Ceramic Structures: Mean-Field and Unit Cell Approaches H.E. Pettermann a, E. Weissenbek a and S. Suresh ba Institute of Light Weight Structures and Aerospace Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Austria, Gusshausstr. 27-29/E317, A-1040 Vienna, Austriab Department of Materials Science and Engineering,MIT,77 Massachusetts Avenue,Cambridge,MA USA 02139-4307 H.E. Pettermanna, E. Weissenbeka and S. SureshbaInstitute of Light Weight Structures and Aerospace Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Austria, Gusshausstr. 27-29/E317, A-1040 Vienna, Austriab Department of Materials Science and Engineering,MIT,77 Massachusetts Avenue,Cambridge,MA USA 02139-4307 INTRODUCTION The elasto-plastic behavior of a compositionally graded metal-ceramic structure is investigated. The deformation under uniaxial loading is predicted using both an incremental Mori-Tanaka method and periodic as well as random microstructure extended unit cell approaches. The latter are able to give an accurate description of the local microfields within the phases. Furthermore, the random microstructure unit cell model can represent the interwoven structure at volume fractions close to 50%. Due to the high computational costs, such unit cell analyses are restricted to two-dimensional considerations. Computationally less demanding mean-field methods provide a tool to account for the out-of-plane constraints, but have the disadvantage of using phase averaged stress and stain fields. In the present work, an incremental Mori-Tanaka approach is employed, which is implemented as a constitutive material law in a finite element code. Both two-dimensional and three-dimensional investigations are performed and the results are compared to the predictions of the extended unit cell approaches. English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 81-86 厚さ方向に異なる剛性を持つ四角形の傾斜機能クランプ板を加熱して生じる大きな歪みについて Large Deflections of Heated Functionally Graded Clamped Rectangular Plates with Varying Rigidity in Thickness Direction 水口文洋 a) 、大鍋寿一 b)a 海上保安大学校　機械工学科737　広島県呉市若葉町５－１b 石川島播磨重工株式会社　188　東京都田無市向台町３-５－１ F. Mizuguchia) and H. Ohnabeb)aDept. of Mechanical Engineering, Japan Maritime Safety Academy, 5-1, Wakaba-cho, Kure-shi, Hiroshima-ken, 737 Japan.bComposite Materials Center, Aero-Engine & Space Operation, Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries Co., Ltd., 3-5-1, Mukodai-cho, Tanashi-shi, Tokyo, 188 Japan. The governing equations for the large deflection of heated functionally graded elastic, rectangular plates with varying Young's modulus in thickness direction are derived by Berger and Karman approach. We assume that the functionally graded Young's modulus varies symmetrically with respect to the middle plane according to the nth power of the nondimensional thickness. For a clamped rectangular plate affected by an arbitrary symmetrical temperature and load distribution about midpoint of the plate and prevented from inplane motions on the boundary, the governing equations are solved by means of the Galerkin method. As a numerical example, the cases as seen in aerodynamic heating are analyzed. The influence of functionally graded Young's modulus and temperature change on the large deflection are shown in the graphs. English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 87-92 動的熱負荷をかけたときのセラミックー金属FGMのモデル分析：残留応力効果、熱機構カップリング効果、材料硬化モデル効果 Model investigation of ceramic-metal FGMs under dynamic thermal loading: Residual stress effect, thermal-mechanical coupling effect and materials hardening model effect Qing-Jie Zhang, Peng-Cheng Zhai and Rung-Zhang YuanState Key Laboratory of Materials Synthesis and ProcessingWuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P.R.China Qing-Jie Zhang, Peng-Cheng Zhai and Rung-Zhang YuanState Key Laboratory of Materials Synthesis and ProcessingWuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P.R.China The analysis model for the response of ceramic-metal FGMs under dynamic thermal loading is investigated. Emphasis is put on the effects of the residual stress, thermal mechanical coupling and hardening model for the materials. It is shown that the three effects are significant when the materials' response is inelastic and should carefully be considered in constructing the analysis model. English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 93-98 フラクタル幾何学と表面技術におけるその意味 Fractal geometry and its implications to surface technology D.P. Bhatta , O.P. Bahla , R. Schumacherb and H. Meyerb+aCarbon Technology Unit, National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi 110 012, IndiabAtotech Deutschland GmbH, Erasmusstrasse 20-24, 10553 Berlin, Germany D.P. Bhatta , O.P. Bahla , R. Schumacherb and H. Meyerb+aCarbon Technology Unit, National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi 110 012, IndiabAtotech Deutschland GmbH, Erasmusstrasse 20-24, 10553 Berlin, Germany The basic know-how is presented to simulate impedance diagrams of complex equivalent circuits by viewing the electrode surface through fractal patterns. The implications of this model for electrochemical surface technology are also reported in this paper. English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 99-104 傾斜機能材料のデータベース・システム・プロジェクト Database System for Project of the Functionally Graded Materials 木皿且人、毛呂明夫、康燕生、新野正之航空宇宙技術研究所　角田宇宙推進技術研究センター K. Kisara, A. Moro, Y.S.Kang, M. NiinoNational Aerospace Laboratory, Kakuda Research Center, Japan This report will introduce the concept and status of a database system for a national project entitled: "A Study in the Development of Energy Conversion Materials through the Formation of Gradient Structures" , which project is being promoted by some thirty-odd industrial, academic and governmental organizations. While the database system will be, organizationally speaking, somewhat loose-knit, it is expected that the project's initial goal will be realized within a fixed period of time. In order to provide a convenient means of communication for researchers working in various organizations to exchange information, complete their work assignment in a short space of time and maintain a common perspective, the establishment of some method of information-sharing is essential. At the same time the report will describe measures of the need for maintenance of the database and a network to make use of it in real time so as to promote support for the project and, additionally, show that the use of the Internet is a viable method of operating the system at this present time. English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 105-112 傾斜材料の破壊力学 Fracture Mechanics of Graded Materials F. ErdoganDepartment of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics Lehigh University, Bethlehem PA, 18015, USA F. ErdoganDepartment of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics Lehigh University, Bethlehem PA, 18015, USA In this article after a brief review of elementary principles of fracture mechanics, certain issues concerning the applications to graded materials are identified and some examples are given. English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 113-121 傾斜機能遮熱コーティング材中の微細構造による効果 Microstructural effects in functionally graded thermal barrier coatings M.-J. Pinderaa, J. Aboudib and S. M. ArnoldcaApplied Mechanics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USAbFaculty of Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv69978, IsraelcStructural Fatigue Branch, NASA-Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH 44135, USA M.-J. Pinderaa, J. Aboudib and S. M. ArnoldcaApplied Mechanics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USAbFaculty of Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv69978, IsraelcStructural Fatigue Branch, NASA-Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH 44135, USA The recently developed two-dimensional version of the higher-order theory for functionally graded materials (HOTFGM-2D) is employed to investigate the effects of microstructural architectures in graded thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) on the stress distributions in the presence of a through-thickness temperature gradient. In particular, the response of TBCs with different levels of functionally graded microstructural refinement and different arrangements is investigated, and the results for the through-thickness stress distributions are compared with those based on the standard micromechanical homogenization scheme. The examples presented illustrate the shortcomings of the standard micromechanics-based approach applied to the analysis of functionally graded TBCs, particularly if the presence of creep effects is included in the analysis. English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 123-130 ZrO2/Ni複合材のディスク折り曲げ試験で設定したFGM構築の微細機構上の破損水準 Micromechanical failure criterion for FGM architecture studied via disk-bend testing of ZrO2/Ni composites T. Ishizuka 、Y. Ohta、若島健司東京工業大学　精密工学研究所　226　横浜市緑区長津田町 4259 T. Ishizuka , Y. Ohta and K. WakashimaPrecision and Intelligence Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226, Japan An investigation has been made to find a reasonable fracture criterion needed for a micromechanics-based approach to the architecture of ceramic/metal functionally graded materials (FGMs). Emphasis is placed on an equibiaxial plane-stress state of loading because it is essential in an anticipated service condition of FGMs for heat-shielding structural application. Disk-bending tests are carried out on a series of ZrO2/Ni composites with different compositions. Results of the tests are analyzed by a micromecanical approach which takes into account the effect of plastic deformation of the ductile phase. A conceptually simple fracture criterion is derived in terms of the stress in the brittle phase. English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 131-136 ZrO2/Ni 傾斜機能材料の熱機構レスポンスの特徴：モデルを用いた予測をチェックするための実験 Thermomechanical response characteristics of ZrO2/Ni functionally graded materials: An experimental study to check model predictions T. Ishizuka 、C. S. Kang、若島健司東京工業大学　精密工学研究所　226　横浜市緑区長津田町 4259 T. Ishizuka, C.S. Kang and K. WakashimaPrecision and Intelligence Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama226, Japan Thermal loading tests have been carried out on ZrO2/Ni FGM specimens fabricated by hot die-compaction of composition-graded powder layups. Specimens with four different gradations designed so as to possess the same heat-shielding capability are examined. During repeated heating over the entire surface of ZrO2 skin layer, an indication of cracking is monitored by means of acoustic emission (AE). Results of the tests are analyzed in terms of the transient through-the -thickness distribution profiles of thermal stresses particularly in the ZrO2 phase, which are computed by a micromechanics-based approach reported previously. Observed differences in damage tolerance of the specimens are reasonably understood. English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 137-141 FGMの熱機構分析への微細機構的アプローチ Micromechanical approach to the thermomechanical analysis of FGMs Seiichi Nomura and Donna M. SheahenDepartment of Mechanical and Aerospcace Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019-0023, USA. Seiichi Nomura and Donna M. SheahenDepartment of Mechanical and Aerospcace Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019-0023, USA. The thermoelastic fields in a functionally graded material (FGM) are derived semi-analytically by the use of the eigenfunction expansion method. The eigenfunctions are approximated by a linear combination of admissible functions each of which satisfies the homogeneous boundary condition. The eigenfunctions can also be used to construct the Green's function for the FGM which enables the handling of various boundary conditions and source terms. A numerical example is presented to show thermal stress distributions in a 2-D rectangular FGM under steady-state heat transfer subject to the first kind of displacement boundary condition. English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 143-148 金属/セラミック傾斜機能材料に熱衝撃により発生するき裂の伸長に対して、傾斜微細構造が与える影響 Effect of Gradient Microstructure on Thermal Shock Crack Extension in Metal/Ceramic Functionally Graded Materials 川崎亮　渡辺龍三東北大学　工学部材料加工学科　980-77　仙台市 A.Kawasaki and R. WatanabeDepartment of Materials Processing, Faculty of Engineering, Tohoku University Sendai 980-77, Japan The thermal shock fracture mechanism of metal/ceramic functionally graded materials was studied by burner heating test. Two series of FGMs, having different microstructure of PSZ/stainless steel and PSZ/superalloy systems were fabricated by powder metallurgical process. The fracture toughness increased with increase in the metal phase content, owing to toughening mechanisms of thermal-strainmisfit and crack deflection. The FGMs were joined on cooling substrates and applied for burner heating test. The crack formation was always observed on the ceramic surface during cooling due to large residual tensile stresses. Dependence of thermal shock crack propagation on gradient microstructure was discussed on the basis of fracture mechanics with reference to the determination of fracture toughness and the estimation of stress intensity factor in FGMs. By comparison between the fracture toughness and stress intensity factors, the depth of the parallel cracks beneath the surface may correspond well to a location of mode II stress intensity being equal to zero. The vertical-crack's arrest is considered to be due to decrease in stress intensity factor below the fracture toughness. English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 149-154 傾斜機能コーティングの熱破壊機構 Thermal Fracture Mechanisms in Functionally Graded Coatings K. Kokini, Y.R. Takeuchi and B.D. ChoulesSchool of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1288, U.S.A. K. Kokini, Y.R. Takeuchi and B.D. ChoulesSchool of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1288, U.S.A. The mechanism of multiple crack formation at the surface of functionally graded thermal barrier coatings subjected to transient heating and cooling loads is studied. It is shown that the spacing of cracks is significantly affected by the temperature gradients in the coating and the temperature distribution on the surface. English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 155-158 AlN/W 傾斜機能材料の製造 Fabrication of AlN/W Functionally Graded Materials 曽我部浩一、田中素之、T. Miura 、飛岡正明住友電気工業株式会社　伊丹研究所　664　兵庫県伊丹市昆陽北1-1-1 K. Sogabe , M. Tanaka , T. Miura , M. TobiokaItami Research Laboratories , Sumitomo Electric Industries Ltd.1-1-1 Koya-kita, Itami, Hyogo, 664 Japan A highly radiative material has been developed comprising sintered aluminum nitride (AlN) in which tungsten (W) particles are dispersed in graded manner. Functionally graded materials (FGM) of tungsten and aluminum nitride was fabricated by pressureless sintering. The green compact comprised of different composition layers (W:0.0-30.0wt%) was prepared and sintered in flowing nitrogen. Some of the physical properties of the AlN/W FGM were discussed. English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 159-166 なだらかな傾斜を持つ材料を製造するための傾斜鋳造法 Graded Casting for Producing Smoothly Varying Gradients in Materials Basil R. Marple and Stephane TuffeNational Research Council Canada, Industrial Materials Institute 75 de Mortagne BLvd., Boucherville, Quebec, Canada J4B 6Y4 Basil R. Marple and Stephane TuffeNational Research Council Canada, Industrial Materials Institute 75 de Mortagne BLvd., Boucherville, Quebec, Canada J4B 6Y4 The recent interest in tailoring materials having various types of gradients has stimulated activity in developing processing routes for producing these structures. Graded casting offers the possibility of manufacturing relatively complex parts having continuous or stepwise structural or compositional gradients. The aim of this paper is to give a brief overview of the graded casting technique. Details are provided on the process and control strategy used to produce graded materials by this method. The importance of certain aspects relating to slip flow, mold design and mixing are discussed. Examples of some of the gradients that can be produced and possible approaches for producing them are presented. English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 167-172 融点の差が大きい構成材料の傾斜 Gradient components with a high melting point difference M. Joensson, U. Birth, B. KiebackInstitute of Material Science, University of Technology, Dresden M. Joensson, U. Birth, B. KiebackInstitute of Material Science, University of Technology, Dresden Introduction Gradient materials offer the chance to avoid stress singularities by bonding of different materials but open also a new field of material characteristics by combination of special application relevant properties. Applications which meet very different and extreme local demands in view of thermall, electrical, magnetical, corrosion and mechanical load require the development of graded bulk materials via the combination of materials with very different properties. Such materials often differ strong in their melting points. Because this difference requires variable processing parameters, the main problem in the development of gradients is the selection of suitable technologies. In the comparison of the properties of high and low melting materials, especially metals, tungsten and copper become conspicuous because of their distinctive differences of properties. Therefore W-Cu composites are traditional of interest and many investigations are engaged in their processing and characterisation of properties/1;2;3;4/. Applications of such composites could be found in production engineering and electrical engineering. W-Cu is a promising material for thermal management applications such as microelectronics packaging /5/. Composite Cu-W sintered materials containing <15 Vol.-% W are used as spark erosion electrodes and as contact tips in gas metal arc welding guns /1/. Gradients with very different melting points of material components could be used also in spaceplanes, gas turbines and fusion reactors. Especially W-Cu is suitable for beam targets /6/. The combination of this two elements should provide a serviceable material and be suitable as a model system for the investigations. Their potential for high thermal and electrical conductivity and high hardness, high temperature stability and low thermal expansions coefficient can only be full exploit, if its possible to produce a gradient over the whole concentration profile. English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 173-178 遠心鋳造法による傾斜気孔膜の製造 Fabrication of Pore-Gradient Membranes via Centrifugal Casting C.-W. Hong, F. Muller and P. GreilUniversitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Institut fur Werkstoffwissenschaften (3), Martensstrasse 5, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany C.-W. Hong, F. Muller and P. GreilUniversitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Institut fur Werkstoffwissenschaften (3), Martensstrasse 5, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany Using commercial Al2O3 powders, flat membranes with a graded pore-size distribution from 40 to250nm across a membrane thickness of about 5 mm have been fabricated by centrifugal casting. The scanning electron micrographs and the mercury-porosimetry data for such a pore-gradient membrane have been shown. Flocculated suspensions resulted to a narrower pore-size distribution without pores larger than 200nm. Specimens prepared by stabilized suspensions with 10vol% solid content showed also a clear pore-gradient structure. The experimental results have been correlated with the results from the DEM simulation. English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 179-184 遠心鋳造法によりin-situTiCp補強したアルミニウムを基材とするFGMの、機械的特性及び微細構造 Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of in-situ TiCp Reinforced Aluminum Base FGM by Centrifugal Cast Zhang Baosheng, Zhu Jingchuan, Zhang Yongjum , Ying Zhongda,Cheng Hongsheng, An GeyinSchool of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China Zhang Baosheng, Zhu Jingchuan, Zhang Yongjum , Ying Zhongda,Cheng Hongsheng, An GeyinSchool of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China The TiCp/2020 Al FGM was fabricated by in-situ reaction in melted Al alloy and the following centrifugal cast, and was investigated by means of microscopy observation and mechanical property test. The hardness and bending strength of the FGM gradully varied corresponding to the composition gradient, and the wear resistance was remarkably improved due to the formation of TiCp-rich surface layer that is strongly bonding with 2024 Al substrate though the TiCp/2024 Al graded interlayer. English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 185-190 ZrO2/SUS316 の傾斜機能材料の分散と、テープ鋳造法による製造 Dispersion and Fabrication of ZrO2/SUS316 Functionally Graded Material By Tape Casting Process Jeong-Gu Yeo, Yeon-Gil Jung and Sung-Churl ChoiDept. of Inorg. Mat. Eng. Hanyang Univ., Seoul 133-791, KOREA Jeong-Gu Yeo, Yeon-Gil Jung and Sung-Churl ChoiDept. of Inorg. Mat. Eng. Hanyang Univ., Seoul 133-791, KOREA Zirconia (ZrO2) and stainless steel 316 (SUS316) functionally graded material (FGM) was fabricated by tape casting method in an aqueous system. For the stable dispersion of ZrO2 and SUS316, we observed zeta-potential of each phase with pH variation and investigated the effect of organic additives on dispersion. Tetragonal Zirconia polycrystal (TZP) and monoclinic zirconia polycrystal (MZP) could be dispersed with addition of polymethacrylic acid (PMAA) as dispersant. SUS316 could be dispersed with carboxymethylcellulose sodium salt (Na-CMC) as suspending agent. ZrO2 and SUS316 were dispersed as the optimal condition established from the electrokinetic sonic amplitude (ESA). ZrO2/SUS316 FGM was fabricated by sintering at 1350deg.C in Ar/H2 atmosphere. As a results, the microstructure and the interface of the FGM showed the continuous compositional gradient and also, the adjustment of the particle size and the phase type of ZrO2 made sintering defects reduced or eliminated. English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 191-195 粉末着火加圧焼結法によるZrO2/NiとZrO2/Al2O3傾斜機能材料の製造 Fabrication of ZrO2/Ni and ZrO2/Al2O3 Functionally Graded Materials by Explosive Powder Consolidation Technique A. Chiba, M. Nishida, K. Imamura, H. Ogura and Y. Morizono熊本大学　工学部　860　熊本市 A. Chiba, M. Nishida, K. Imamura, H. Ogura and Y. MorizonoFaculty of Engineering, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto City 860 Japan ZrO2/Ni and ZrO2/Al2O3 functional gradient materials (FGMs) were fabricated by our newly developed underwater-shock consolidation technique. The experimental assembly consists of three parts, i.e. explosive container, water tank and powder container from top to bottom. The energy of shock wave increased by the convergence of shock wave due to the reduction of the cross section area of water tank. The increased shock pressure and long shock duration facilitated the consolidation of difficult-to-consolidate powders to full density. The pressure level obtained was estimated to be 7 GPa. The 5 to 10-layered FGMs for both systems were fabricated in an overall cross section without any discontinuity and defects. The obtained FGMs could withstand the thermal stress by cyclic differential thermal load testing. English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 197-202 共晶接合による金属／金属間化合物傾斜機能材料の開発 Development of metal/intermetallic compound functionally graded material produced by eutectic bonding method. 桐原聡秀、辻本得蔵、友田陽茨城大学　工学部　316　茨城県日立市中成沢町４-１２－１ S. Kirihara, T. Tsujimoto and Y. TomotaFaculty of Engineering, Ibaraki University, 4-12-1 Nakanarusawa, Hitachi 316, Japan In the future, structural materials which are light weight and have a high resistance to heat, oxidation and shock will be needed. But it is difficult to produce homogeneous materials which have all these properties. Functionally graded material includes a prominent concept for realizing multi-functional material [1] . However, many problems exist before putting FGMs to practical use in the current production way. This cause is attributed to that the present manufacturing process are very complicated and costly, because the process is by material accumulation method in which the material of different composition are accumulated by turns. And in the current candidates of FGMs, the compositional gradient is difficult to be improved after production. Eutectic bonding method which is a new way of FGM production was invented to solve these problem inherent in the conventional FGMs and their production way. Purposes of this study are to produce FGM by the eutectic bonding method and to prove effectiveness of this method [2]. English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 203-208 粉末冶金で製造した傾斜機能材料（FGM）の力学的性能 Mechanical Performance of ZrO2-Ni Functionally Graded Material by Powder Metallurgy J.C. Zhua,b ,S. Y. Leeb , Z. D. Yina and Z. H. LaiaaSchool of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. ChinabDepartment of Materials Engineering, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, 66 Sangnam-Dong, Changwon, Kyungnam 641-010, Korea J.C. Zhua,b ,S. Y. Leeb , Z. D. Yina and Z. H. LaiaaSchool of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. ChinabDepartment of Materials Engineering, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, 66 Sangnam-Dong, Changwon, Kyungnam 641-010, Korea The mechanical performance of a ZrO2-Ni functionally graded material (FGM) developed by powder metallurgy was investigated by means of three-point bending test. It was shown that the mechanical behavior of ZrO2-Ni system strongly depends on constitutional variation, exhibiting typical behavior of elasto-plastic deformation similar to metallic material in the Ni-rich composition and typical behavior of elastic deformation and macroscopic brittle fracture in the ZrO2-rich composition. The mechanical properties of ZrO2-Ni system also display various gradient distributions corresponding to constitutional change. With the rise of Ni content, Vickers hardness decreases, but fracture toughness increases remarkably. Young's modulus changes corresponding to the distribution of porosity. Bending strength is quite sensitive to microstructural factors, and its peak and valley point are relevant to the dispersion strengthening of ZrO2 particles and the distributional transition of components, respectively. English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 209-214 PSZ-SUS 304 傾斜機能材料の製造 Fabrication of PSZ-SUS 304 Functionally Graded Materials 小林弘旺産業技術短期大学　661　兵庫県尼崎市西昆陽1-27-1 H. KobayasiCollege of Industrial Technology1-27-1, Nisikoya, Amagasaki 661, Japan The fabrication of PSZ-SUS 304 functionally graded materials ( FGMs) has been investigated by powder stacking and pressureless sintering processes in a vacuum. PSZ, mixed PSZ and SUS304, and SUS304 powders with both a binder and a deflocculant were laminated into a mold, and then were compacted by the vibration pressing method under a pressure of 50 MPa. Green specimens were sintered pressurelessly for one hour in a vacuum at 1623 K. Many sintered FGM specimens with the graded distributions of 2.5,5,10, and 20wt. % showed crakes in the PSZ layer, or in the middle layers between PSZ and SUS304 . These cracks are presumablly due to a tensile or compressive stress caused by the difference of the sintering shrinkage of each monolithic layer. However, some FGMs specimens with both the large graded distribution and a different thickness of each layer were free from cracks, although the specimens were slightly curved in thin ones. English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 215-220 Be/Cu傾斜機能材料の中間層の予備的特性評価－Be/Cu焼結体の熱物理学的特性 － Preliminary characterization of interlayer for Be/Cu functionally gradient materials-Thermophysical properties of Be/Cu sintered compacts- Shigeru Saitoa, Naoki Sakamotoa, Kiyotoshi Nishidab and Hiroshi KawamuraaaJapan Atomic Energy Research Institute, Oarai-machi, Higashi Ibaraki-gun, Ibaraki-ken 311-13, JapanbNGK INSULATORS, LTD.,1 Maegata-cho, Handa-city, Aichi-ken, 475, Japan Shigeru Saitoa, Naoki Sakamotoa, Kiyotoshi Nishidab and Hiroshi KawamuraaaJapan Atomic Energy Research Institute, Oarai-machi, Higashi Ibaraki-gun, Ibaraki-ken 311-13, JapanbNGK INSULATORS, LTD.,1 Maegata-cho, Handa-city, Aichi-ken, 475, Japan At present, beryllium is one of candidate materials for plasma facing materials of fusion experimental reactor. And copper alloy (dispersion strengthened (DS)-copper, Cu-Cr-Zr and so on) is proposed as heat sink material behind plasma facing material. In this application, it is necessary to develop reliable bonding techniques between beryllium and copper alloy because plasma facing components are exposed to high heat load and high neutron flux generated by plasma. Then, we started the bonding technology development of beryllium and copper alloy with functionally gradient materials (FGM) to reduce thermal stress due to the differnce of thermal expansion between beryllium and copper alloy. As the interlayer for FGM, eleven kinds of sintered compacts in which the mixing ratio of beryllium powder and oxygen free powder is different, were manufactured by the hot press (HP) and hot isostatic press (HIP) method, and thermophysical properties of these compacts were measured in order to estimate thermal stress of bonding interface. In this paper, the results of measurements on thermophysical properties and of metallographical observation were reported. English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 221-226 電気泳動法によるバリウム/チタン化ストロンチウムセラミックス傾斜機能材料の製造 Electrophoretic Forming of Functionally-Graded Barium/Strontium Titanate Ceramics Partho Sarkar, Sumie Sakaguchi, Eiko Yonehara, Jun-ichi Hamagaki, Kimihito Yamashita and Takao UmegakiMcMaster University　Ceramic Research Group, Department of Materials Science and Engineering　Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S4L7東京都立大学　東京都八王子市 Partho Sarkar, Sumie Sakaguchi, Eiko Yonehara, Jun-ichi Hamagaki, Kimihito Yamashita and Takao UmegakiCeramic Research Group, Department of Materials Science and Engineering McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S4L7Department of Industrial Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University Hachioji, Tokyo Single phase BaTiO3 (BT) and SrTiO3 (ST) have sharp Curie Point at 393K and 10K respectively. ST forms solid solution with BT and shifts the Curie Point toward the lower temperature. In a multilayer sample varying the BT/ST ratio among the layers it would be possible to fabricate a functionally-graded laminated dielectric composite which will exhibit a broard transition temperature and as a result it will have a low temperature coefficient and high dielectric constant in a wide temperature region. Laminated BT/ST composites thick films and bulk samples were synthesized by electrophoretic deposition (EPD). Two types of solvents were tested for the EPD suspensions, alcohol/acetylacetone mixed solvent and ethanol. Microstructure of the sintered samples was characterized by optical and SEM. Dielectric properties as a function of temperature were measured using an impedance analyzer. English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 227-232 電気蒸着による、Ni-Al-Al2O3機能コーティングの製造とその特性 Processing and Properties of Electrodeposited Functionally Graded Composite Coatings of Ni-Al-Al2O3 K. Barmaka, S. W. Banovicb, H. M. Chana, L. E. Friedersdorfa , M. P . Harmera , A. R. Marderb , C. M. Petronisa , D. G. Puertaa and D. F. Susanba Materials Research Center, Lehigh University, 5. E. Packer Ave.,. Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, USAb Energy Research Center, Lehigh University, 117 ATLSS Dr., Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, USA K. Barmaka, S. W. Banovicb, H. M. Chana, L. E. Friedersdorfa , M. P . Harmera , A. R. Marderb , C. M. Petronisa , D. G. Puertaa and D. F. Susanba Materials Research Center, Lehigh University, 5. E. Packer Ave.,. Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, USAb Energy Research Center, Lehigh University, 117 ATLSS Dr., Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, USA Single- and dual-particle, uniform and graded composite coatings of Ni-Al-Al2O3, with Ni as the matrix and primarily Al and Al2O3 as second phase particles, were fabricated via electrodeposition. During the electrodeposition process, Ni was plated from an electrolytic bath to which the particles had been added. For single particle baths, the codeposition of Al2O3 was more strongly affected by current density and bath particle content than was the codeposition of Al. In the mixed particle bath, codeposition of Al2O3 was suppressed at low current densities, whereas codeposition of Al was not affected at any of the current densities studied. When coatings containing Al were annealed, the reaction of the two elements resulted in the formation of either single phase(gamma)solid solution or two phase (gamma)-(gamma)' , in agreement with the equilibrium phase diagram. In addition to current density and bath particle content, the shape and size of the particles was found to affect the electrodeposition process. Here, angular nickel aluminide particles resulted in porous coatings. The microhardness of the Ni-Al and Ni-Al2O3 coatings showed a complex behavior with volume fraction of particles as a consequence of the effect of these particles on the microstructure of the Ni matrix. English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 233-238 気孔を含む予備形成体を電気化学的に修飾した傾斜機能材料 Functionally graded materials by electrochemical modification of porous preforms A Neubrand, R. Jedamzik, and J. RodelFachbereich Materialwissenschaft, Technische Hochschule Darmstadt, Petersenstraβe 23, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany A Neubrand, R. Jedamzik, and J. RodelFachbereich Materialwissenschaft, Technische Hochschule Darmstadt, Petersenstraβe 23, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany A novel method to produce gradient materials based on the infiltration of refractory porous preforms with a molten metal or polymer has been developed. The porosity gradient in the preform is created by electrolysis. For this purpose, a gradient of the electrochemical potential is set up inside the porous preform, leading to a gradient in the rate of electrochemical dissolution or deposition of the preform material and thus to a graded porosity. A macroscopic electrokinetic model of the gradation process is developed, and the influence of experimental parameters like current density, electrode and electrolyte resistivity and geometrical factors on the gradation profiles are discussed and compared to experimental observations. W/Cu graded materials have been produced and some of their properties have been determined as a function of position. English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 239-244 傾斜機能繊維配列法による炭素繊維強化炭素複合材の熱管理 Thermal management of carbon-carbon composites by functionally graded fiber arrangement technique 久手幸徳、早田喜穂日本石油株式会社　中央技術研究所　231　神奈川県横浜市中区千鳥町8丁目 Y. Kude and Y. SohdaCentral Technical Research Laboratory, Nippon Oil Company, Ltd., 8, Chidori-cho, Naka-ku, Yokohama, 231, Japan Next to mechanical properties, the most important characteristics of a carbon-carbon composite (C/C) are thermal conduction and thermal expansion. In this paper, several investigations have been made into carbon fiber arrangement relationships for different carbon-carbon composite materials. Pitch-derived carbon matrix-carbon fiber composites have been used, processed by means of the hot isostatic pressing (HIP) technique for converting pitch into a dry carbon fiber preform. Repeated HIP cycles are required to build the composite matrix up to an acceptably high density/low porosity for deployment in severely ablative environments. The effects of heat treatment temperatures on thermal conductivity, thermal conductivity at high temperatures and thermal expansion behavior have been studied. At room temperature, the value of thermal conductivity for unidirectional (UD) carbon-carbon composites is 700 W/m*K. In the case of three-dimensional (3D) carbon-carbon composites, this value is determined by the volume of the fiber arrangements. On the other hand, the thermal expansion of carbon-carbon composites in the fiber axial direction is chiefly governed by the thermal expansion of the fiber. On the basis of this fundamental research, a functional graded fiber arrangement technique has been proposed which presents the opportunity to 'tailor' thermophysical properties into carbon materials. English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 245-250 TiC/Mo FGMコーティングの製造と特性 Formation and Properties of TiC/Mo FGM Coatings 福島孟1) , 黒田聖治 1) , 北原繁1) , 石田清道2) 、M. Sano2)1) 金属材料技術研究所　茨城県つくば市2) 航空宇宙技術研究所　東京都調布市 T. Fukushima 1) , S. Kuroda 1) , S. Kitahara 1) , K. Ishida 2) and M. Sano 2)1) National Research Institute for Metals, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan2) National Aerospace Laboratory, Chofu, Tokyo, Japan TiC and Mo powders were sprayed by the plasma twin-torch process to form and FGM layer over a substrate to be used as an emitter in a thermionic energy converter. The sprayed TiC coatings showed high absorptance for solar radiation. As compared to TiC monolayer coating and TiC/Mo two-layer coating formed on Mo substrate, FGM coatings performed better in a thermal cycling test. English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 251-256 超微粒子を用いたTi基材上のTi-Al2O3傾斜機能表面層の形成 Formation of a Ti-Al2O3 functionally graded surface layer on a Ti substrate with the use of ultrafine particles A. Otsuka, H. Tanizaki, M. Niiyama and K. Iwasaki日新製鋼株式会社　272　千葉県市川市高谷新町7-1 A. Otsuka, H. Tanizaki, M. Niiyama and K. IwasakiSteel & Technology Development Laboratories, Nisshin Steel 7-1 Koyashinmachi, Ichikawa, Chiba, 272 Japan A Ti-Al2O3 functionally graded surface layer of about 0.5mm in thickness is formed by dryjet spraying of ultrafine particles produced by radio-frequency plasma onto a cylindrical Ti rod. The spraying is made by continuously changing the ratio r = Ti/(Ti+Al2O3) from 1 to 0 or from 0.5 to 0 in the outward radial direction. The obtained green composite is sintered in the temperature gradient condition, where the Ti-rich and the Al2O3-rich sides are sintered at about 1400 K and 1800 K, respectively. The ratio r in the sintered composite is found to change gradually from 1 to 0 independent of the starting r value. The r region omitted in the spraying is considered to be compensated by abnormally rapid diffusion of Ti. The size of voids found in the layer is much smaller when the starting r value is set at 0.5 than when it is set at 1. The number of cracks in the layer is reduced by adjusting the sintering conditions and by adding Zr- or Ti-hydride powders to the substrate. The layer has a fine metallographic structure and the adhesion strength between the substrate and the layer is measured to exceed 60 MPa. English FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS 1996 3 1996-12-31 257-262 C/C材の酸化耐性SiCコーティング材 Oxidation-Resistant SiC Coating System of C/C Composites N. Sato1) , 塩田一路1), H. Hatta2) , T. Aoki3) , H. Fukuda3)1) 工学院大学　東京都2) 宇宙科学研究所　神奈川県3) 東京理科大学　東京都 N. Sato1) , I. Shiota1), H. Hatta2) , T. Aoki3) , H. Fukuda3)1) Kogakuin University, Tokyo, Japan2) The Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Kanagawa, Japan3) Science University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan C/C composites are easily oxidized to evaporate above 500deg.C. Anti-oxidizing SiC coating on a surface of C/C composites is known to be an effective measure against oxidation. However weakness in bonding strength often become a serious problem in actual applications. In this paper optimal fabrication technique of SiC coating on C/C composite was explored based on two kinds of criteria; bonding strength and oxidation resistance. Thus a parametric study was carried out experimentally in terms of thicknesses of the coating layer and the conversion FGM layer and CVD temperature. It was shown that the optimal condition of the coating is low CVD temperature, thick conversion FGM layer, and intermidiate coating thickness. English