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Subrata Maji, Prachi Gupta, Rob Clowes, [Yoshitaka Matsushita](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4968-8905), [Lok Kumar Shrestha](https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2680-6291), Anna G. Slater, [Jonathan P. Hill](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4229-5842), Mandeep K. Chahal

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[Central-metal-cation-based modulation of gas adsorption selectivity in porous tetrapyrrolic materials](https://mdr.nims.go.jp/datasets/c50765cc-ec17-4350-b8a5-a53700d9f669)

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Central-metal-cation-based modulation of gas adsorption selectivity in porous tetrapyrrolic materialsAs featured in:  Showcasing research from Dr Mandeep Chahal’s laboratory, Chemistry and Forensic Science, School of Natural Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom.  Central-metal-cation-based modulation of gas adsorption selectivity in porous tetrapyrrolic materials  This work introduces a viable strategy for developing porous CO2 adsorbent materials using tetrapyrrolic building blocks by avoiding complex bottom-up synthesis. The resulting materials demonstrate enhanced CO2 adsorption performance, highlighting their potential for carbon capture applications.  Image reproduced by permission of Mandeep K. Chahal from  Chem. Commun ., 2026,  62 , 5227. See Mandeep K. Chahal  et al ., Chem. Commun ., 2026,  62 , 5227. ChemCommChemical Communicationsrsc.li/chemcommREVIEW ARTICLEMeiqian Xu, Wenjing Liao, Xiaowen Zhang et al.Advances in organelle-targeted photosensitizer-mediated pyroptosis for photodynamic tumor therapy: overcoming immunological limitationsISSN 1359-7345Volume 62Number 185 March 2026Pages 5091–5340rsc.li/chemcommRegistered charity number: 207890This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2026 Chem. Commun., 2026, 62, 5227–5231 |  5227Cite this: Chem. Commun., 2026,62, 5227Central-metal-cation-based modulation of gasadsorption selectivity in poroustetrapyrrolic materialsSubrata Maji,a Prachi Gupta, b Rob Clowes,b Yoshitaka Matsushita, cLok Kumar Shrestha, a Anna G. Slater, b Jonathan P. Hill a andMandeep K. Chahal *dWe present a direct strategy to assemble porous tetrapyrrolic materialswith tunable gas uptake selectivity by varying the coordinated cation.Co-OX1 shows improved CO2 uptake of 51.66 cm3 g�1 at 298 K, whilefree base-OX1 demonstrates a CO2/N2 selectivity of 202.9. Thisapproach offers a viable route to CO2 capture technologies.A critical driver of climate change is the rising level of atmosphericCO2, which threatens human health, ecosystems, food securityand the global economy.1,2 Porous materials are suitable candi-dates for applications in gas capture technologies.3–5 Knownporous solids such as zeolites, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs),and covalent organic frameworks (COFs), offer high gas adsorptioncapacity and selectivity but suffer from poor processability.6–8However, once formed, these porous network materials are diffi-cult to disperse in most media, making deposition on substrateschallenging and obstructing applications. As an alternative, porousorganic molecular materials such as hydrogen- and halogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOF, XOF, resp.), porous organiccages, supramolecular organic frameworks (SOFs), and p-organicframeworks, lack strong intermolecular bonds between buildingblocks9–12 enabling processing from solution as porous solids orliquids. These porous materials offer various advantages such asease of structural characterisation, solution processability, tunabil-ity, modularity, and ease of regeneration.Since the emergence of the processable porous materials field,porphyrin-based cages, HOFs, and SOFs have been reported basedon intrinsic and/or extrinsic porous networks.13–18 Porphyrins areparticularly attractive components of porous materials due to theirunique tunable photophysical, photochemical, and electrochemicalproperties, which allow adaptation to specific functional roles.Topological and pore structure modulation without a requirementfor de novo design is crucial in porous materials, enabling precisecontrol over molecular diffusion, adsorption selectivity, and host–guest interactions.19,20 For porphyrinic HOFs, pore engineering hasrecently been achieved by introducing structure-directing agents(SDAs) such as solvents,16,21 or small cations22 or by varying metalcation coordination.23–25In general, the metal cation in metalloporphyrins controlsthe macrocyclic geometry, axial coordination, electronic struc-ture, and intermolecular interactions. Although variation of thecoordinated metal cation is known to affect textural propertiesin metalloporphyrin-based HOFs,23–25 there are no reports sofar showing that metalation of porphyrins can influence theselectivity of gas adsorption. Despite this, metalation remains apowerful strategy to generate novel porous materials fromexisting porphyrin building blocks. This raises the intriguingpossibility that metalation might be used as a design tool notonly to enhance structural stability and engineer pore structure,but also to enable effective access to new processable porousmaterials with selective gas storage and sensing capabilities.We have recently reported a nickel-porphyrin-based porousprocessable framework material that enables highly sensitiveFig. 1 Chemical structures of M-OX1 and Ni-OX3 compounds synthe-sised to investigate the effect of metal cations on porous frameworkstructure and gas adsorption selectivity.a Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for MaterialsScience, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japanb Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University ofLiverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, UKc Research Network and Facility Services Division, National Institute for MaterialsScience, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japand Chemistry and Forensic Science, School of Natural Sciences, University of Kent,CT2 7NH Canterbury, UK. E-mail: m.k.chahal@kent.ac.ukReceived 29th November 2025,Accepted 9th February 2026DOI: 10.1039/d5cc06796krsc.li/chemcommChemCommCOMMUNICATIONOpen Access Article. Published on 17 February 2026. Downloaded on 3/16/2026 1:05:04 AM.  This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence.View Article OnlineView Journal  | View Issuehttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-4693-260Xhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-4968-8905https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2680-6291https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1435-4331https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4229-5842https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8810-2196http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1039/d5cc06796k&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2026-02-17https://rsc.li/chemcommhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/https://doi.org/10.1039/d5cc06796khttps://pubs.rsc.org/en/journals/journal/CChttps://pubs.rsc.org/en/journals/journal/CC?issueid=CC0620185228 |  Chem. Commun., 2026, 62, 5227–5231 This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2026and selective detection of acetone vapour under high humidityconditions.26 Furthermore, analyte specificity can be controlledby varying the molecular structure of the porphyrin.27 Thisextrinsic porous material is formed through multipoint supra-molecular interactions including p–p stacking, metal coordina-tion, and hydrogen bonding.To build on this, we hypothesised that variation of metalationcould influence supramolecular interactions and crystal packingdue to conformational and coordinative changes at the porphyrincore, which might lead to gas uptake selectivities. Here, we report aseries of metalloporphyrin compounds, Cu-OX1 (1), H2-OX1 (2),Ni-OX1 (3), Co-OX1 (4), Zn-OX1 (5) and Ni-OX3 (6), where the effectof the central metal atom (or its absence) on the porosity of theresulting processable porous materials (Fig. 1) and also thepotential of these materials for selective CO2/N2 uptake, have beenstudied. Synthetic details are given in the SI. Co-OX1 (4) wassynthesised by exchanging Ni(II) for Co(II) since the formylationroute previously used for Ni-OX1 (3)28 is incompatible with Co(II),leading to mixtures of oxidised products. Cu-OX1 (1) was synthe-sised following the formylation route, followed by reaction with5,6-diaminopyrazine-2,3-dicarbonitrile, then oxidation using DDQor PbO2. The compounds were characterised using spectroscopictechniques (Fig. S1–S9) and single crystal X-ray diffraction studies.Single crystals of Cu-OX1 (1), Ni-OX1 (3), Co-OX1 (4) and Ni-OX3 (6) were grown from suitable solvents. Ni-OX1 (3) (CCDCnumber: 1920462)29 and Ni-OX3 (6) (CCDC numbers: 2107801–2107804)26 were reported previously.26 The complexes exhibitsupramolecular structures formed through different non-covalent interactions (p–p stacking, hydrogen bonding, metal toligand co-ordination); see Fig. S10–S27. For Cu-OX1 (1), there arefour molecules per unit cell with p–p bonds (dimer shortestdistance of 3.38(1) Å) and an H-bond, 3.49(8) Å between CQOand phenol H. CHCl3 molecules are trapped inside the extendedframework as shown in Fig. S11. Molecules of Ni-OX1 (3) formp–p dimers in the solid state with a short intermolecular closestapproach of 3.28(4) Å and a CRN� � �Ni(II) distance of 3.52(9) Å(Fig. S17). Co-OX1 (4) forms an extended network similar toCu-OX1 (1) with a p-stacking distance of 3.30(9) Å and a longerH-bond distance of 3.55(6) Å between CQO and phenol H(Fig. S22). The magnitude of mean displacement of the 24-atomcore (D24) and b-pyrrole carbons in Ni-OX1 (3) (D24 = 0.284 Å,DCb = 0.365 Å) and Ni-OX3 (6) (D24 = 0.471 Å, DCb = 0.330 Å) ismuch larger than in Cu-OX1 (1) (D24 = 0.070 Å, DCb = 0.072 Å) orCo-OX1 (4) (D24 = 0.090 Å, DCb = 0.135 Å) suggesting that bothCu-OX1 (1) and Co-OX1 (4) have quasi-planar conformations whilethe Ni-complexes in both OX1 and OX3 forms are nonplanar(Fig. S28).The crystalline nature of the compounds was confirmed bypowder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) studies (Fig. S29), and theirpermanent porosities were investigated by measuring N2 sorp-tion isotherms at 77 K (Fig. 2). To ensure removal of guestmolecules, all samples were degassed under vacuum at 120 1Cfor 24 h prior to N2 sorption measurements. Important texturalparameters derived from these measurements are shown inTable S1, indicating that each system exhibits characteristic N2uptake, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area and porevolume. Ni-OX1 (3) shows negligible N2 uptake (15.33 cm3 g�1)with a BET surface area of 15.12 m2 g�1. Previously, we proposedthat a highly non-planar porphyrin core (D24 displacement of theporphyrin mean planes) was required for effective N2 adsorption.26However, surprisingly, the planar derivatives Cu-OX1 (1) and Co-OX1 (4) exhibit some of the largest BET surface areas and N2uptakes. This observation suggests that the porphyrin core struc-ture is not the only factor influencing adsorption properties inthese systems, but metalation and/or the identity of the coordi-nated metal atom also plays a significant role in influencing gasadsorption. The BET surface areas, N2 uptakes and correspondingpore volumes for each system are summarised in Table 1.Given the different N2 uptakes at 77 K under gas saturationconditions, we proceeded to investigate CO2 uptake at 195 K andalso under saturation conditions to assess the maximum CO2adsorption capacity of these complexes (Fig. 3). The CO2 uptakecapacities shown in Table 1 indicate that Ni-OX3 (6) has thelowest affinity towards CO2. CO2 and N2 uptake data at 195 Kand 77 K, respectively, reveal that Ni-OX1 (3) exhibits a sub-stantially higher affinity for CO2 (106.65 cm3 g�1) than for N2(15.33 cm3 g�1). This suggests an ultra-microporous structuresince enhanced CO2 uptake is most likely due to the smallerkinetic diameter of CO2, which facilitates its diffusion intosmaller pores. This observation is consistent with Ni-OX1 (3)having the lowest pore volume (0.040 cm3 g�1) of the systemsstudied. All the materials studied show significant CO2 uptakesFig. 2 N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms at 77 K for M-OX1 and Ni-OX3 materials.Table 1 BET surface areas (in m2 g�1), N2 uptakes and corresponding porevolumes (cm3 g�1) at 77 K, and CO2 uptakes (in cm3 g�1) at 195 K for M-OX1and Ni-OX3 complexesCompoundBET surfaceareas N2 uptakesPorevolumesCO2uptakesCu-OX1 (1) 450.57 156.14 0.304 127.96H2-OX1 (2) 450.71 165.28 0.296 133.94Ni-OX1 (3) 15.12 15.33 0.040 106.65Co-OX1 (4) 509.91 208.51 0.338 120.41Zn-OX1 (5) 346.58 103.10 0.162 122.15Ni-OX3 (6) 343.56 167.95 0.249 95.07Communication ChemCommOpen Access Article. Published on 17 February 2026. Downloaded on 3/16/2026 1:05:04 AM.  This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence.View Article Onlinehttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/https://doi.org/10.1039/d5cc06796kThis journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2026 Chem. Commun., 2026, 62, 5227–5231 |  5229making them suitable for applications involving efficient CO2adsorption, such as gas separation or carbon capture. Both Ni-OX1 (3) and Co-OX1 (4) exhibit hysteresis in their adsorption/desorption curves which can be attributed to phase transitionoccurring during the process. These phenomena are also con-firmed by the PXRD patterns obtained before and after CO2adsorption as shown in Fig. S32 and S33 where the PXRDpatterns differ especially in the low angle regions.PXRD data obtained prior to and following CO2 uptakestudies indicate that the crystalline structure is retained afteractivation at 110 1C, although some phase transitions in thematerials are observed (Fig. S30–35). Thermogravimetric ana-lyses (Fig. S36) of the porous frameworks indicate weight lossesstarting at 50 1C complete by 170 1C assigned to solvent losses.The materials then exhibit a steady plateaux up to 380 1C,followed by weight losses of 45–59% occurring up to 900 1Cassigned to decomposition. These data indicate that both thefree-base and metal complexes have excellent thermal stability.Considering the excellent thermal stability and selective gasuptake by Ni-OX1 (3), the suitability of these porphyrin com-plexes for gas separation applications was studied. Whileprocessable porous materials have been studied for gas separa-tion, the impact of metalation and central atom identity at theporphyrin core remains unexplored, although it might be usedto identify a wide range of useful materials without the need forde novo design. For this purpose, we conducted N2 and CO2sorption experiments both at 273 K and 298 K (Fig. 4). All thematerials studied show higher CO2 uptakes at both 273 K and298 K than their N2 adsorption capacities as shown in Table 2.H2-OX1 (2) demonstrated the highest CO2 uptake of67.65 cm3 g�1 at 273 K when compared to metal-containingcompounds. However, at 298 K, the CO2 uptake of the metalcompounds exceeded that of H2-OX1 (2), with Co-OX1 (4)showing the highest uptake of 51.66 cm3 g�1. These uptakevalues at 298 K are important for practical applications, asdirect CO2 capture from the atmosphere under ambient con-ditions is the key for industrial processes. These results high-light the role of metal ions in tuning the CO2 uptake behaviour.Additionally, these CO2 adsorption capacities are larger thanFig. 3 CO2 adsorption–desorption isotherms at 195 K for M-OX1 and Ni-OX3 materials.Fig. 4 CO2 and N2 adsorption isotherms at 273 K and 298 K, respectively for (a) Cu-OX1 (1); (b) H2-OX1 (2); (c) Ni-OX1 (3); (d) Co-OX1 (4); (e) Zn-OX1 (5);and (f) Ni-OX3. (6).ChemComm CommunicationOpen Access Article. Published on 17 February 2026. Downloaded on 3/16/2026 1:05:04 AM.  This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence.View Article Onlinehttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/https://doi.org/10.1039/d5cc06796k5230 |  Chem. Commun., 2026, 62, 5227–5231 This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2026those already reported for other processable porphyrinic porousorganic molecular materials (see Table S2) making our materials asignificant advance in terms of possible applications. In this study,CO2 sorption measurements were performed on the same samplesat three different temperatures (195 K, 273 K, and 298 K), whichindicates that the samples exhibit porosity over multiple measure-ment cycles. The N2 adsorption capacities of these materials aresignificantly lower, ranging from 0.38 to 8.95 cm3 g�1, highlightingtheir selectivity of adsorption. Also, Ni-OX3 (6) exhibits the lowestCO2 sorption. The significant differences in CO2 and N2 adsorp-tion capacities suggest that these materials could be effective forCO2/N2 separation. CO2/N2 selectivity was determined using theideal adsorbed solution theory (IAST),30,31 a reliable method forpredicting selectivity in binary gas separations (Fig. S37–S48). For a0.15/0.85 CO2/N2 mixture, the highest selectivity of 143.4 wascalculated for H2-OX1 (2) at 298 K and 0.1 bar, but metalcomplexes also demonstrate good selectivity. For example, Cu-OX1 (1) has a selectivity of 44.0 and Ni-OX1 (3) showed a value of34.8 at 0.1 bar. At 273 K, the IAST selectivity differs: Cu-OX1 (1)shows the highest CO2/N2 selectivity of 77.8 at 0.1 bar, followed byNi-OX1 (3) with a selectivity of 72.7. In contrast, H2-OX1 (2) has asignificantly lower selectivity of 9.2 at 0.1 bar. These high selectivityvalues indicate that varying the central atom in porphyrinicsystems can be used to tune the properties of materials for gasseparation applications.In conclusion, we report the modulation of the CO2/N2 gasadsorption capabilities of a family of supramolecular porousporphyrins by varying the coordinated metal cation. Undersaturation conditions, Ni-OX1 (3) shows negligible N2 uptake(15.33 cm3 g�1) while Ni-OX3 (6) and other metal and free-baseOX1 complexes show significant adsorption. OX1 systems showsubstantial CO2 uptake (up to 133.94 cm3 g�1 for H2-OX1) at195 K. Further experiments at 278 K and 298 K, along with IASTcalculations, confirm selective CO2 adsorption and separation.These materials are solution processable, and their solubility incommon organic solvents offers an additional advantage byenabling applications beyond bulk sorption experiments, suchas thin-film fabrication and device integration.SM, PG, RC, YM, and LKS: investigation; validation;writing – review and editing. AGS, JPH: supervision; validation;writing – review and editing; funding acquisition. MKC: con-ceptualization; funding acquisition; synthesis; writing – origi-nal draft, review and editing.MKC thanks the Royal Society of Chemistry (R23-0850952021)and the Royal Society (RG\R1\251071) for funding. AGS thanks theRoyal Society for a University Research Fellowship (URF\R1\201168).This work made use of shared equipment at the MaterialsInnovation Factory (MIF) created as part of the UK ResearchPartnership Innovation Fund (Research England) and co-fundedby the Sir Henry Royce Institute.Conflicts of interestThere are no conflicts to declare.Data availabilityThe data supporting this article have been included in thesupplementary information (SI). Supplementary information:experimental methods, crystallographic details, thermal analy-sis, PXRD patterns, and IAST plots for selectivity prediction. SeeDOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/d5cc06796k.CCDC 2501550 and 2501551 contain the supplementarycrystallographic data for this paper.32a,bReferences1 D. Wang, J. Penuelas, Y. Tao, I. Loladze, C. Cai, L. Song, J. Zhang,G. Zhang, Y. Wang, W. Zhou, Q. Li and C. Zhu, Global Change Biol.,2025, 31, e70299.2 L. J. R. Nunes, Environments, 2023, 10, 66.3 L. Pan, K. M. Adams, H. E. Hernandez, X. Wang, C. 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This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence.View Article Onlinehttps://doi.org/10.1039/d5cc06796khttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/https://doi.org/10.1039/d5cc06796kThis journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2026 Chem. Commun., 2026, 62, 5227–5231 |  523123 P. Tholen, C. A. Peeples, M. M. Ayhan, L. Wagner, H. Thomas, P. Imbrasas,Y. Zorlu, C. Baretzky, S. Reineke, G. Hanna and G. Yücesan, Small, 2022,18, 2204578.24 Q. Yin, E. V. Alexandrov, D. H. Si, Q. Q. Huang, Z. Bin Fang, Y. Zhang,A. A. Zhang, W. K. Qin, Y. L. Li, T. F. Liu and D. M. Proserpio, Angew.Chem., Int. Ed., 2022, 61, e202115854.25 S. Huang, Y. Chang, Z. Li, J. Cao, Y. Song, J. Gao, L. Sun and J. Hou,Adv. Funct. Mater., 2023, 33, 2211631.26 M. K. Chahal, S. Maji, A. Liyanage, Y. Matsushita, P. Tozman, D. T.Payne, W. Jevasuwan, N. Fukata, P. A. Karr, J. Labuta, L. K. Shrestha,S. Ishihara, K. Ariga, F. 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Published on 17 February 2026. Downloaded on 3/16/2026 1:05:04 AM.  This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence.View Article Onlinehttps://doi.org/10.5286/SOFTWARE/MANTID6.14https://doi.org/10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc2pz25yhttps://doi.org/10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc2pz26zhttps://doi.org/10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc2pz26zhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/https://doi.org/10.1039/d5cc06796k