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Poonam Rani, Takumi Murakami, Yuto Watanabe, [Hossein Sepehri-Amin](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7856-7897), Hiroto Arima, Aichi Yamashita, Yoshikazu Mizuguchi

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[Nonvolatile magneto-thermal switching driven by vortex trapping in commercial In-Sn solder](https://mdr.nims.go.jp/datasets/ed2d50ca-7532-4cca-97a8-cc07c9416580)

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Nonvolatile magneto-thermal switching driven by vortex trapping in commercial In-Sn solderApplied PhysicsExpress      LETTER • OPEN ACCESSNonvolatile magneto-thermal switching driven byvortex trapping in commercial In-Sn solderTo cite this article: Poonam Rani et al 2025 Appl. Phys. Express 18 033001 View the article online for updates and enhancements.You may also likeBack-Fill Sn Flux against Current-Stressing at Cathode Micro Cu/SnInterfaceC. Y. Liu, Y. C. Hsu, Y. J. Hu et al.-Flux trapping experiments to verifysimulation modelsKyle Jackman and Coenrad J Fourie-Effective Charge Number of Cu in Cu-SnCompoundC. T. Lu, Y. J. Hu, Y. S. Liu et al.-This content was downloaded from IP address 144.213.253.16 on 12/03/2025 at 04:20https://doi.org/10.35848/1882-0786/adb6ee/article/10.1149/2.004402ssl/article/10.1149/2.004402ssl/article/10.1149/2.004402ssl/article/10.1088/1361-6668/aba79b/article/10.1088/1361-6668/aba79b/article/10.1149/2.006205ssl/article/10.1149/2.006205sslhttps://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pcs/click?xai=AKAOjstG3IDbHaEZswr8b17j4ifw4SBFdC2cuNZ_fURYg_LqYwcDKyFw-cAgDMZq-kKRdll5B-_hd0iog7QI0724D3SjWn4qNpt735D8PomjhomxGuAhMNtBFcgkl7-2vN_CKDqrJIWonc6dN2s-8XfYrDSrTKblYbUaXLrnS2F0dMUj92dWX-78UrHSAfSkhE4IBkqD-DYHDJ7neDN26iX9JUOUp0-gfwfvo7-gFALWt5rAp6YbgCxUgVe7cYzDrHpI-43l1UAsOPXXDYr-SuVNE_tMpt-qFAiJ4oT0niytDdo5jmNcl6a1a4LuriV3mFdWRaSW_jJLqk5ptI-9_Tsf924ZKapu9r1QBCX93evOmRon6jQ&sig=Cg0ArKJSzJ30HVgNJESX&fbs_aeid=%5Bgw_fbsaeid%5D&adurl=https://ecs.confex.com/ecs/248/cfp.cgi%3Futm_source%3DIOP%26utm_medium%3Dbanner%26utm_campaign%3DIOP_248_abstract_submission%26utm_id%3DIOP%2B248%2BAbstract%2BSubmissionNonvolatile magneto-thermal switching driven by vortex trapping in commercial In-Sn solderPoonam Rani1*, Takumi Murakami1, Yuto Watanabe1, Hossein Sepehri-Amin2, Hiroto Arima1,3, Aichi Yamashita1, andYoshikazu Mizuguchi1*1Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1, Minami-osawa, Hachioji, 192-0397, Japan2National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1, Sengen, Tsukuba, 305-0047, Japan3National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba 305-8563, Japan*E-mail: jangrapoonam622@gmail.com; mizugu@tmu.ac.jpReceived November 25, 2024; revised February 2, 2025; accepted February 16, 2025; published online March 6, 2025Magneto-thermal switching (MTS) is a key technology for efficient thermal management. Recently, large MTS with nonvolatility has been observedin Sn-Pb solders [H. Arima et al. Commun. Mater. 5, 34 (2024)] where phase separation, the different superconducting transition temperatures (Tc)of Sn and Pb, and magnetic-flux trapping are the causes of the nonvolatile MTS. To further understand the mechanism and to obtain the strategyfor enhancing switching ratio, exploration of new phase-separated superconductors with nonvolatile MTS is needed. Here, we show that the In52-Sn48 commercial solder is a phase-separated superconducting composite with two Tc and traps vortices after field cooling. A clear signature ofnonvolatile MTS was observed at T = 2.5 K. From specific heat analyses, we conclude that the vortices are mainly trapped in the lower-Tc phase(γ-phase) after field cooling, which is evidence that vortex trapping also works on achieving nonvolatile MTS in phase-separated superconductingcomposites. © 2025 The Author(s). Published on behalf of The Japan Society of Applied Physics by IOP Publishing LtdSupplementary material for this article is available onlineSuperconductivity is a quantum phenomenon thatemerges at low temperatures. At temperatures (T)lower than the superconducting transition temperature(Tc) electrons form Cooper pairs, and electrical resistivitybecomes zero in the superconducting states.1) In addition, inthe superconducting states, the electronic contribution tothermal conductivity (κ) is suppressed because the Cooperpairs, emerging in the superconducting states, do not transferheat.2) The reduced κ in the superconducting states can berecovered to high κ by the application of magnetic field (H)greater than critical field (Hc) or upper critical field (Hc2) ofthe material, at which superconducting states are suppressed.Using the change in κ controlled by H, magneto-thermalswitching (MTS) can be achieved by switching of thesuperconducting states. MTS is a key technology in the fieldof thermal management3,4) because the MTS can achieve heatflow control without any mechanical motions.5,6) Recently,we reported that large MTS ratio can be achieved in pure-element superconductors (Nb and Pb) with high purity.7–9)Although the working temperature of superconductor-basedMTS should be low because the switching only happensbelow Tc, the MTS using low-Tc superconductors will beuseful for thermal management of low-T devices,10,11) if theperformance can be further improved. Furthermore, to makethe MTS useful, it is necessary to develop materials withnonvolatile MTS in which high (or low) κ is retained evenafter removing external H. In Nb with intermediate states,nonvolatility was observed at low T,2) and the origin wasexplained as the affection of magnetic flux to phononscattering. In the case of Nb intermediate states, the Hexperience resulted in lower κ. Recently, we achievedcontrollable large nonvolatile MTS in Sn-Pb solders.12) Inthe Sn-Pb solder, the nonvolatile MTS is driven by thechange in electronic κ by the external H, and the switchingratio and the absolute value of κ can be controlled by Sn-Pbconcentration and H.12,13) The Sn-Pb solders are known asphase-separated composites composed of Sn and Pb; both Snand Pb are type-I superconductors with Tc = 3.7 and 7.2 Kand Hc (0 K) ∼ 300 and 800 Oe, respectively.14,15) By field-cooling (FC) or reducing H from H > Hc, magnetic fluxes aretrapped in the Sn regions, and bulk superconductivity of Sn issuppressed because of the trapped field greater than Hc ofSn.12) Similarly, magnetic flux trapping in MgB2 (Tc = 39 K)causes nonvolatile MTS,16) but the switching ratio is smallerthan that of Sn-Pb solders. Therefore, other examples ofnonvolatile MTS in phase-separated composites using asuperconducting transition have been desired to be studiedbecause enrichment of examples of nonvolatile MTS willprovide us with strategies for achieving a higher switchingratio of nonvolatile MTS. Here, we show the results oncharacterization, physical properties, and nonvolatile MTScharacteristics of commercial In52-Sn48 solder, which isused in low-T soldering. The superconducting properties ofIn-Sn solders have been reported in Ref. 17 and the Tc of thesolder is higher than that of pure In (Tc = 3.4 K) and Sn.According to the binary In-Sn phase diagram, phaseseparation into a β-phase (In-rich: Tc = 6.5 K) and γ-phase(Sn-rich: Tc = 4.7 K).17) Because of alloying states of thosephases, the emergence of type-II superconductivity, inwhich quantized vortices are formed, in both regions areexpected.18–21) If the vortex states can be retained after op[;'./ and demagnetization, and if nonvolatile MTS emerges,the material design space for nonvolatile MTS materialswill be expanded because the most of the know super-conducting materials are type-II superconductors. In addi-tion, the use of type-II superconductors in nonvolatile MTSwill improve working temperature and driving-field flex-ibility because of potential high Tc and critical fields intype-II materials. Therefore, we performed detailed char-acterization on the In52-Sn48 solder to obtain new insightson magnetic flux trapping and nonvolatile MTS in super-conductor composites.Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. Any further distribution of thiswork must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.033001-1© 2025 The Author(s). Published on behalf ofThe Japan Society of Applied Physics by IOP Publishing LtdApplied Physics Express 18, 033001 (2025) LETTERhttps://doi.org/10.35848/1882-0786/adb6eehttps://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.35848/1882-0786/adb6ee&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2025-03-06mailto:jangrapoonam622@gmail.commailto:mizugu@tmu.ac.jphttps://doi.org/10.35848/1882-0786/adb6eehttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/https://doi.org/10.35848/1882-0786/adb6eeThe investigated In52-Sn48 (mass ratio In:Sn = 52:48)commercial solder wires (Chip Quik Inc.) with a diameter of0.79 mm. XRD was performed on a pressed sample in a plateform using a RIGAKU diffractometer Miniflex-600 with aCu-Kα radiation by the θ–2θ method. SEM and EDX wereperformed using Carl Zeiss Cross-Beam 1540ESB for themicro-structure analysis with elemental mapping on thesurface of the solder. Electrical resistivity (ρ) was measuredusing Physical Property Measurement System (PPMS,Quantum Design) with a four-probe method. Thermal con-ductivity (κ) was measured using PPMS with a thermaltransport option (TTO) using a four-probe steady-statemethod with a heater, two thermometers, and base-tempera-ture terminal. The lengths between two thermometersattached to the measured samples was 25.1 mm. Due to thelimitation of the sample-room space of the TTO stage,the sample was screwed to store inside with four probes, aheater, two thermometers, and thermal base. The typicalmeasurement duration for a single measurement was 30 s.Magnetization was measured using superconducting quantuminterference device (SQUID) magnetometry on MagneticProperty Measurement System (MPMS3, Quantum Design)with a VSM mode. Specific heat was measured on PPMS bya relaxation mode. The sample was attached on a stage usingAPIEZON N grease.Figure 1 shows the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of theIn52-Sn48 plate made by pressing the solder sample. A clearphase separation into the β-phase (In-rich, I4/mmm, No. 139)and γ-phase (Sn-rich, P6/mmm, No. 191) is seen, and noother impurity phases were observed. The crystal structure ofthe β-phase is same as pure In. Figure 2 shows the elementalmapping results based on scanning-electron microscope(SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX).As shown in Figs. 2(c) and 2(d), clear and homogeneousphase separation into the two phases was observed. From thecomposition line analysis, the atomic composition of the β-phase can be estimated as In0.68(2)Sn0.32(2), and that for the γ-phase is In0.30(2)Sn0.70(2), which is consistent with the knownphase diagram. The noticeable feature of the phase separationof the In52-Sn48 solder is presence of square-shaped γ-phaseregions surrounded by the β-phase regions. The shape isdifferent from the Sn-Pb solders studied in Ref. 12 However,the situation of lower-Tc regions surrounded by higher-Tcregions is similar to that of the Sn-Pb solders.Figure 3(a) shows the T dependence of magnetization(4πM) after zero-field cooling (ZFC) and FC with an appliedmagnetic field of H = 10 Oe. Large diamagnetic signals areobserved at T < 6.5 K, which is consistent with the Tc of theβ-phase. There is no double-step transition, while the In52-Sn48 sample contains two superconducting samples. Thistrend is quite similar to that observed in Sn-Pb solders, andthe absence of double-step transition would be explained bythe micro-scale phase separation and proximity effects.12)Figure 3(b) shows the T dependence of 4πM measured atH = 0 Oe after FC at various H. By FC at 500 Oe, atT = 1.8 K and at H = 0 Oe, magnetic field of about 450 Oe istrapped. Furthermore, by FC at H ⩾ 1000 Oe, the trappedfield of 620 Oe was observed, which indicates that the fluxtrapping saturates at H = 1000 Oe. Figures 3(c) and 3(d)show the H dependence of 4πM and inner magnetic field (B)at T = 2.5 K. As shown in Fig. 3(c), a typical hysteresis curvewith an upper critical field of Hc2 ∼ 1500 Oe is observed atT = 2.5 K. Figure 4 shows the T dependence of electricalresistivity (ρ) measured at H = 0 Oe after FC at variousfields. For all the FC conditions, almost same supercon-ducting transitions were observed, which indicates that theresistive transition for the higher-Tc phase (β-phase) is notaffected by the trapped vortices in the γ-phase regions.To further investigate the superconducting properties ofeach phase, the specific heat was measured at different fieldconditions. Figure 5(a) shows the T dependence of specificheat (C) in the form of C/T measured at H = 0 Oe after ZFCand FC (3000 Oe). The C measurements were performedthree times at each T. For the FC data, the first data point ismasked because of anomalous sample heating related to fluxreduction (anomalous temperature rise in the C measure-ments), which is the trend similar to Sn-Pb solders.14) Thereis a slight difference in C/T between ZFC and FC data. Tohighlight the difference, normal-state C (Cn), which is shownin Fig. 5(b), is subtracted from the C/T data. Figure 5(c)shows the T dependence of (C-Cn)/T calculated using Cmeasured at H = 0 Oe after ZFC and FC (3000 Oe). Ataround T = 6 K, the superconducting signal is observed forboth data, which indicates that the superconducting states ofthe ZFC and FC states are comparable down to 4.2 K.Therefore, the FC states of the β-phase would be close toMeissner states above T = 4.2 K. Below 4.2 K, there is aclear difference between the ZFC and FC data. In the ZFCdata, there is a clear and sharp superconducting transitionpossibly of the γ-phase. In contrast, for the FC data, thesuperconducting transition of the γ-phase is clearly sup-pressed; the Tc is lower and the entropy change is smallerthan that observed in the ZFC data. These results imply thatthe superconducting states of the γ-phase are affected by thepresenting magnetic field, which is protected by the super-currents of the β-phase, but the γ-phase is still bulk super-conducting. If type-I superconducting states are emerging inthe γ-phase, a first-order transition with a peak structureshould be observed in specific heat data, but this is not thecurrent case. In addition, as explained in the magnetizationpart, the 4πM-H curve suggests type-II superconductingstates. Therefore, the superconducting states of the γ-phaseFig. 1. X-ray diffraction pattern of In52-Sn48. The filled red circles andblack triangles indicate the peaks for the γ-phase and β-phase, respectively.033001-2© 2025 The Author(s). Published on behalf ofThe Japan Society of Applied Physics by IOP Publishing LtdAppl. Phys. Express 18, 033001 (2025) P. Rani et al.should be type-II state with vortices, and this situation is theclear difference from the case of Sn-Pb solders. The sche-matic image of the presence of vortices in the square-shapedγ-phase regions is displayed in Fig. 5(d).As characterized in the above result part, the presence oftype-II bulk superconducting states with vortices in the γ-phase surrounded by the β-phase with the Meissner state isclearly different from the situation of Sn-Pb solders where Snis not bulk superconducting (when evaluating from the Cmeasurement). Therefore, if we could observe nonvolatileMTS in the In52-Sn48 solder sample, the material designspace will be largely expanded because of the availability oftype-II superconductors as a component. Figure 6(a) showsthe T dependence of κ measured at H = 0 (superconductingstate) and 2000 Oe (normal-conducting state). There is a cleardifference, and MTS can occur in the In52-Sn48 soldersample, which is caused by the switching of electronic κbetween superconducting and normal-conducting states. InFig. 6(b), the H dependence of κ measured at T = 2.5 K afterinitial ZFC is shown. After experiencing high fields H > Hc,external field is reduced to zero, but the κ at H = 0 Oe doesnot reach the initial κ. The κ-H result demonstrates theemergence of clear nonvolatile MTS in the In-Sn solder. Thedifference in κ between the before and after field experience(nonvolatile MTS ratio) is 45%. To investigate the composi-tion dependence of MTS, we labo-made Inx-Sn(100-x)solders have been synthesized, and structural and physicalproperties were investigated (Supplementary Data). A similarphase separation, magnetic flux trapping, and nonvolatileMTS driven by electron contribution of κ were observed inx = 40 and 60.Here, we investigated structural, compositional, and phy-sical properties of the In-Sn solder. The solder traps a largeamount of flux as observed in the Sn-Pb solders, but bothphases are bulk superconducting even after FC, whichindicates that, at least, the γ-phase is in type-II super-conducting states with vortices. We observed nonvolatileMTS in the solder, and the switching ratio was 11%, 45%and 59% for In40-Sn60, In52-Sn48, and In60-Sn40,respectively. In Table I, nonvolatile MTS characteristics(a) (b)(c) (d)Fig. 2. Elemental mapping. (a), (b) SEM-EDX elemental mapping for Sn and In respectively. (c) Sn/In contrast mapping. (d) Composition line profile ofconstituent elements performed along the arrow in (c).Table I. Comparison of nonvolatile MTS characteristics at T = 2.5 K. NMTSR, κi, κd, and κn denote nonvolatile magneto-thermal switching ratio, κ (initialvalue measured at H = 0 Oe after ZFC), κ (measured at H = 0 Oe after demagnetization), and κ (measured at H > Hc), respectively.Material Flux core NMTSR κi (Wm−1K−1) κd (Wm−1K−1) κn (Wm−1K−1) ReferencesSn10-Pb90 No 300% 2 8 9.5 12Sn45-Pb55 No 150% 10 25 34 12Sn60-Pb40 Flux 56% 16 25 30 12Sn90-Pb10 No 11% 27 30 43 12In52-Sn48 No 45% 0.675 0.98 1.23 This workIn40-Sn60 No 11% 0.435 0.485 0.54 This workIn60-Sn40 No 59% 0.39 0.62 0.75 This workMgB2 — 18% 0.0070 0.0083 — 16033001-3© 2025 The Author(s). Published on behalf ofThe Japan Society of Applied Physics by IOP Publishing LtdAppl. Phys. Express 18, 033001 (2025) P. Rani et al.at T = 2.5 K for various materials are summarized.Nonvolatile MTS ratio (NMTSR) is defined by the followingequation: NMTSR = (κd–κi)/κi where κi and κd denote κ(initial value measured at H = 0 Oe after ZFC) and κ(measured at H = 0 Oe after demagnetization), respectively.The NMTSR of the In52-Sn48 solder at T = 2.5 K is smallerthan typical values observed in the Pb-rich Sn-Pb solders(150% for Sn45-Pb55 and 300% for Sn10-Pb90) atT = 2.5 K, but NMTSR is comparable to that of Sn60-Pb40 flux-cored solder at T = 2.5 K. Furthermore, theNMTSR is greater than that for Sn-rich Sn90-Pb10 solderat T = 2.5 K. Therefore, type-II superconducting compositescan be potential candidate for nonvolatile MTS materials aswell as type-I-based composites. We notice that the κ of theIn52-Sn48 commercial solder is quite low, which would becaused by the low κ of the constituent materials; alloysgenerally have lower κ than pure metals. As seen in Table I,the absolute values of κ of Sn-Pb solders12) largely dependson the Sn-Pb compositions. Therefore, further optimizationof In-Sn composition and material production processeswould improve the MTS characteristics of In-Sn solders.Furthermore, this will allow us to design nonvolatile MTSmaterials with preferred value of κ by choosing the combina-tion using pure metals, alloys, or complicated compounds incomposite superconductors. At the end, but not least, theobservation of nonvolatile MTS in a phase-separated super-conducting composite containing a type-II superconductorexpands the material-exploration space because of the(a) (b)(c) (d)Fig. 3. Magnetic properties of In52-Sn48. (a) T dependence of 4πM after ZFC and FC with an applied field of H = 10 Oe. (b) T dependence of 4πMmeasured at H = 0 Oe after FC at various H. (c, d) H dependence of 4πM and inner magnetic field (B) at T = 2.5 K.Fig. 4. Electrical resistivity after flux trapping. Temperature dependence ofelectrical resistivity of In52-Sn48 measured at H = 0 Oe after FC at variousfields.033001-4© 2025 The Author(s). Published on behalf ofThe Japan Society of Applied Physics by IOP Publishing LtdAppl. Phys. Express 18, 033001 (2025) P. Rani et al.availability of various superconductors. That is quite im-portant for developing superconducting nonvolatile MTSusing high-Tc superconductors.In conclusion, we have investigated physical properties ofthe In52-Sn48 commercial solder which shows a clear phaseseparation into β-phase (In-rich: Tc = 6.5 K) and γ-phase(Sn-rich: Tc = 4.7 K). A large amount of magnetic fluxtrapping is observed in γ-phase after FC due to the presenceof vortices in this region, which is confirmed by specific heatmeasurement that shows a clear suppression of the γ-phasesuperconducting transition temperature. Consequently, weobserved a nonvolatile MTS in the solder with a 45%switching ratio. In addition, the switching ratio for labo-made In40Sn60 solder was 59%. The observation of non-volatile MTS in a phase-separated type-II superconductingcomposite expands the exploration space for MTS materials.(a) (b)(c) (d)Fig. 5. Specific heat data for In52-Sn48. (a) T dependence of C/T measured at H = 0 Oe after ZFC and FC (3000 Oe). (b) T dependence of normal-statespecific heat Cn/T. (c) T dependence of (C-Cn)/T calculated using C measured at H = 0 Oe after ZFC and FC (3000 Oe). (d) Schematic image of vortextrapping at the γ-phase regions.(a) (b)Fig. 6. Nonvolatile MTS of In52-Sn48. (a) T dependence of κ measured at H = 0 and 2000 Oe. (b) H dependence of κ measured at T = 2.5 K after ZFC.033001-5© 2025 The Author(s). Published on behalf ofThe Japan Society of Applied Physics by IOP Publishing LtdAppl. Phys. Express 18, 033001 (2025) P. Rani et al.Acknowledgments The authors thank F. Ando, K. Uchida, T. Ichikawafor the discussion on the results. 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