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National Institute for Materials Science

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[Proceedings of NEDO International Symposium on Functionally Graded Materials](https://mdr.nims.go.jp/datasets/28a41ec2-a7c3-498c-a2b7-71f221e596d5)

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Sheet1 BookTitle_j BookTitle_e Volume/Issue Issueddate Page Title_j Title_e AuthorList_j AuthorList_e Abstract Language NEDO FGM　国際シンポジウム Proceedings of NEDO International Symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 10 1999-10-22 1-6 「傾斜機能材料(FGM)の競合前処理」プロジェクトの概要 Outline on the Project "Pre-competitive Processing of Functionally Graded Materials (FGM)" 榎本祐嗣機械技術研究所　305-8564　つくば市並木 1-2 Yuji ENOMOTOMechanical Engineering Laboratory, Namiki 1-2, Tsukuba 305-8564 Japan  The National Institute of Standards and Technology in USA and Mechanical Engineering Laboratory in JAPAN have been carried out a 3-years joint research from FY1996 through FY1998 to synthesize and evaluate new functionally graded materials (FGM) using a spark plasma sintering technique. In the Japan side, Sumitomo Coal Mining Co., Ltd. (Izumi Tech. Co. Ltd.) and Yanmar Diesel Engine Co. Ltd. joined the project. This joint research is focused on synthesis of the large-scale FGMs of ceramic/metal, combination of a ceramic having high heat-resistance and high wear-resistance and a metal having high mechanical strength. The main aim is to develop tribo-components that are durable even at elevated temperature and high contact pressure. To this end, preparation of the FGMs, mainly zirconia/stainless steel and their characterization of mechanical properties were carried out at the Japan side. In the present note, outline of the project is described. English NEDO FGM　国際シンポジウム Proceedings of NEDO International Symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 10 1999-10-22 7-10 傾斜機能材料の開発の近況と見通し Recent and Prospective Development of Functionally Graded Materials 平井敏雄東北大学　金属材料研究所　980-8577 仙台市青葉区片平(Tel: 022-215-2106, Fax: 022-215-2107, E-mail: hirailab@imr.tohoku.ac.jp) Toshio HiraiInstitute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Katahira, Sendai 980-8577, Japan (Tel: 022-215-2106, Fax: 022-215-2107, E-mail: hirailab@imr.tohoku.ac.jp)  Several FGM research projects have been promoted with the support of the government and other organizations. In this paper, these projects will be introduced and future possibilities and trends in FGM research are also discussed. English NEDO FGM　国際シンポジウム Proceedings of NEDO International Symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 10 1999-10-22 11-17 熱溶射技術の自動車への潜在的な応用 Potential Automotive Applications of Thermal Spray Technology Peter Beardmore Director - Chemical and Physical Sciences LaboratoryFord Research Laboratory FORD MOTOR COMPANY Dearborn, Michigan U.S.A. Peter Beardmore Director - Chemical and Physical Sciences LaboratoryFord Research Laboratory FORD MOTOR COMPANY Dearborn, Michigan U.S.A.  Thermal spray technology is of great interest to the automotive industry for both product and manufacturing applications. The ability of the process to apply a wide variety of materials in applications varying from thin surface coatings to complete tools provides a versatility and robustness with enormous potential for cost effective, widespread use. There are already a number of well known applications of thermal spray technology in the automotive industry but this presentation will concentrate on emerging applications. Three areas of developing potential for this process will be highlighted, namely, (1) lightweight materials surface improvement (e.g., cylinder bore coatings of Al blocks), (2) novel power electronic structures, and (3) sprayforming fabrication of rapid tooling. Examples of developments in these three areas will be described together with details of the materials involved and the processes. Thermal spray technology has the potential to be a major product and manufacturing tool in the automotive industry provided the developments necessary to overcome some of the current inhibitors (such as lack of infrastructure for mass manufacturing, environmental concerns, residual stress issues etc.) can be circumvented. English NEDO FGM　国際シンポジウム Proceedings of NEDO International Symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 10 1999-10-22 19-22 ドイツにおけるFGM―研究と産業の遷移 FGM in Germany - Research and Industrial Transfer W.A.KaysserGerman Aerospace Center Institute of Materials Research Cologne, Germany W.A.KaysserGerman Aerospace Center Institute of Materials Research Cologne, Germany  Introduction       Research and development on FGM materials in Germany was and is still widespread despite the initial lack of German or European coordination or funding programs. The research on FGMs in Germany may be ordered into three periods, until 1992, from 1993 to 1996, and from 1996 until now. The first period is characterized by individual attempts of researchers at universities and national laboratories, but also industrial researchers in a prospering economical environment to make beneficial use of the upcoming FGM concepts. The period from 1993 to 1996 was characterized by a difficult economical situation which led many small and large companies into severe internal reorganization. In this time period, industrial efforts on FGM declined rapidly. The decline of the academic research on FGM was not as severe. A new period started in 1996 when a basic national research program on Gradient Materials was started and the economy slowly recovered. English NEDO FGM　国際シンポジウム Proceedings of NEDO International Symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 10 1999-10-22 23-33 先進のSPSシステムとFGM技術の動向 Trends in Advanced SPS Systems and FGM Technology 鴇田正雄(株)イズミテック［住友石炭鉱業グループ］住友石炭鉱業部門川崎市高津区坂戸3-2-1かながわサイエンスパーク東棟２０８ Masao TOKITASCM Division Sumitomo Coal Mining Group Izumi Technology Company, Ltd. Kanagawa Science Park East Bldg. 208, 3-2-1 Sakato Takatsu-ku," Kawasaki, 213-0012 Japan  Large-size ceramic/metal bulk FGMs have been fabricated on a recently developed and the world's largest Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) systems. As a part of the development program for practical production processes and machines for FGMs by SPS, the processes, mechanical properties, dimensional size and shape effects, and production machine systems were investigated. English NEDO FGM　国際シンポジウム Proceedings of NEDO International Symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 10 1999-10-22 35-40 自動FGM製造システムの開発 Development of Automatic FGM Manufacturing System Yukihiro NAKAYAMA(株)イズミテック［住友石炭鉱業グループ］住友石炭鉱業グループ　住友石炭鉱業部門川崎市高津区坂戸3-2-1かながわサイエンスパーク東棟２０８ Yukihiro NAKAYAMASCM Division Sumitomo Coal Mining Group Izumi Technology Company, Ltd. Kanagawa Science Park East Bldg. 208, 3-2-1 Sakato Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki, 213-0012 Japan  Introduction       From 1997 to 1998 a basic sintering process was developed to fabricate large-size ceramic/metal functionally graded bulk materials (FGM/LB) with thermal stress relaxation and with heat resistant properties by using experimental large size SPS apparatus. An automatic material handling robot system and an independent FGM powder stacking system used with spark plasma sintering (SPS) process were also developed. Based on the sintering condition optimization and device development technologies obtained through the above research, the world's first tunnel type automatic FGM/LB manufacturing system was developed in 1999 targeting the optimization and practical implementation of the sintering process for large FGMs with diameters of (phi)100 and (phi)150 mm. Although the fabrication of FGMs usually takes many hours, with the development of this new automated SPS system it is now possible to process such materials in a significantly shorter period of time-within 1 hour or less by making use of the features that are inherent in SPS quick sintering technology. English NEDO FGM　国際シンポジウム Proceedings of NEDO International Symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 10 1999-10-22 41-49 ZrO2 (3Y)/ステンレス鋼FGMsの特性 Properties Of ZrO2 (3Y)/Stainless Steel FGMs 川原正和(株)イズミテック［住友石炭鉱業グループ］住友石炭鉱業グループ　住友石炭鉱業部門川崎市高津区坂戸3-2-1かながわサイエンスパーク東棟２０８ Masakazu KAWAHARASCM Division Sumitomo Coal Mining Group Izumi Technology Company, Ltd. Kanagawa Science Park East Bldg. 208, 3-2-1 Sakato, Takatsu-ku Kawasaki, 213-0012 Japan  Introduction       Many scientists and engineers who aim at improvements in engine efficiency are presently conducting research into increases in engine combustion temperatures. In order to increase the combustion temperature, it will be necessary to develop high-performance engine materials that can replace the metallic materials such as iron and aluminum alloy, which are currently in use. It is also required to withstand the high temperatures of more than 1273K that produce the severe wear conditions of the exhaust valves, piston heads and cylinder linings. Functionally graded materials (FGMs) that release stress by gradually changing the layer composition and characteristics from a ceramic layer to a metallic layer are regarded as powerful means to this end.       Spark plasma sintering (SPS) is a pulse electric current sintering process that has recently been attracting attention. It provides excellent features for use in the creation of new materials such as composite ceramics and FGMs.       In this study, heat-resistant, large-size ceramic/metal bulk FGMs (FGM/LB) of the thermal stress relaxed type that are suitable for applications in high-efficiency engine materials were fabricated. Observations were made of the microstructures of the sintered materials, their hardness distribution characteristics were evaluated and the tribological characteristics resulting from the composite implementation of their ceramic surface layer was examined. A burner rig test device for investigating thermal shock resistance was also developed, temperature cycle testing was performed by this means and the cracks produced were measured with an Acoustic Emission (AE) sensor. English NEDO FGM　国際シンポジウム Proceedings of NEDO International Symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 10 1999-10-22 51-54 計器によるインデンテーションを用いたFGMの弾性率と硬度の測定 FGM Elastic Modulus and Hardness Measurement Using Instrumented Indentation Douglas T. SmithCeramics Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, MD, USA Douglas T. SmithCeramics Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, MD, USA  Instrumented indentation testing is a method of determining the mechanical properties, typically the hardness and elastic modulus, of a small volume of material. It is particularly useful in the study of films and coatings, where traditional mechanical tests designed for bulk specimens are difficult or impossible to implement. In this work, several spark-plasma-sintered functionally graded metal-ceramic coatings (FGM's) were studied using a variety of indentation methods, both to characterize the properties of fully sintered graded coatings, and to detect incomplete or non-uniform sintering. The systems studied included Ti/Al2O3 and stainless steel/ZrO2 graded coatings. Gradients were achieved through the use of multiple discrete layers, each with a fixed metal-ceramic volume fraction. Anomalous physical properties were observed near interfaces and in some mixed metal-ceramic layers. English NEDO FGM　国際シンポジウム Proceedings of NEDO International Symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 10 1999-10-22 55-59 NEDOプロジェクトにおけるSPSによって作られたFGMsの総合評価 Total Evaluation Applied to FGMs Made by SPS on the NEDO Project 市川洌通産省　工業技術院　機械技術研究所 Kiyoshi IchikawaMechanical Engineering Laboratory Agency of Industrial Science and Technology Ministry of International Trade and Industry, JAPAN  Introduction       A NEDO Project called "Precompetitive Processing of Functionally Gradient Materials" has been carried out as a 4-years joint research between National Institute of Standards and Technology in USA and Mechanical Engineering Laboratory, Sumitomo Coal Mining Co. Ltd. (Izumi Tech. Co. Ltd.) and Yanmer Diesel Engine Co. in Japan from FY'96 through FY'99 to produce and evaluate new functionally graded materials (FGMs) using a spark plasma sintering technique. In order to evaluate the mechanical, physical and tribological properties of the large-scale bulk FGM, which was composed of 3 weight percent yttria stabilized zirconia layer, mixed layers of the zirconia and SUS410L (similarly to AISI410) stainless steel and the stainless steel layer, various characteristics such as Vickers hardness, elastic modulus, tensile strength, friction coefficient, residual stress, lattice parameter and so on were measured by various kinds of evaluation testing methods such as Vickers harness measurement, micro-indentation, tensile test, friction test, ultrasonic imaging test, X-ray diffraction, Micro-Raman spectroscopy, and so on. English NEDO FGM　国際シンポジウム Proceedings of NEDO International Symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 10 1999-10-22 61-65 鋼鉄に焼結接合された傾斜機能超硬合金を用いた掘削ツールの評価 Evaluation of Drilling Tool Using Functionally Graded Cemented Carbide, Sinter-Bonded on Steel *池ヶ谷明彦 *津田圭一, ** Tsugio Miyagawa, *** Yoshifumi Suehiro住友電気工業株式会社*　伊丹研究所 　664-0016 兵庫県　伊丹市　昆陽北　１－１－１　（財）金属系材料研究開発センタ－**　105－0001　東京都　港区　虎ノ門　１－２６－５石油公団石油開発技術センター***　261－0025　千葉市美浜区浜田１－２－２ *Akihiko Ikegaya *Keiichi Tsuda, ** Tsugio Miyagawa, *** Yoshifumi Suehiro*Itami Research Laboratories, Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. 1-1-1 Koya-Kita, Itami 664-0016, Japan **Japan Research and Development Center for Metals 1-26-5 Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-00O1, Japan ***Technology Research Center, Japan National Oil Corporation 1-2-2 Hamada, Mihama-ku, Chiba 261-0025, Japan  The widely used cemented carbide coated steel requires to a harder and thicker coated layer to improve durability. However, it is difficult to coat a hard and thick layer, because it promotes cracks and peeling of the layer due to the thermal stress originated by the thermal expansion mismatch. To overcome this problem and to improve the property of hard material, we developed a new functionally graded material (FGM) of steel coated with Co composition graded cemented carbide layers. We were able to acquire the desired structure and confirmed the stress relief, high bonding strength and distribution of functionality of cemented carbide layers between the surface with high wear resistance and high toughness inside. We applied this FGM to a stabilizer blade. Stabilizers are used as oil well drilling tools to control the forward direction of the drill bit.   We evaluated it by test drilling in a shallow test well. Compared with a conventional stabilizer, the FGM stabilizer revealed greater wear resistance. From the results, the FGM stabilizer is expected to have high performance even in a deep well. English NEDO FGM　国際シンポジウム Proceedings of NEDO International Symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 10 1999-10-22 67-74 放電プラズマ焼結法により造られた焼結予備形成体における高ひずみ速度超塑性 HIGH-STRAIN-RATE SUPERPLASTICITY IN SINTERED PRE-FORMS PRODUCED BY PLASMA SPARK SINTERING Nobuhito Kuroishi株式会社クボタ　基盤技術研究所茨城県龍ケ崎市向陽台5-6 TEL: 0297-64-7476; FAX: 0297-64-7266 E-mail: nobu-cro@kubota.co.jp Nobuhito Kuroishi (Powder Metallurgy, Ceramics)Advanced Technology Laboratory, Kubota Corporation 5-6 Koyodai Ryugasaki City, Ibaraki, 301-0852 Japan TEL: 0297-64-7476; FAX: 0297-64-7266 E-mail: nobu-cro@kubota.co.jp  Sintered pre-forms produced by spark plasma sintering (SPS) of rapidly solidified alloy powders have the very fine micro structure under 1 micrometer in size, resulting in exhibiting the high strain rate super-plasticity. Using this behavior, a new fabricating process for high performance aluminum components has been developed. English NEDO FGM　国際シンポジウム Proceedings of NEDO International Symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 10 1999-10-22 75-84 先進の材料と傾斜機能材料を作製するためのSPS SPS for the Preparation of Advanced Materials and Functionally Graded Material 大森守東北大学　金属材料研究所　980-8577 仙台市 Mamoru OmoriInstitute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan  Synopsis       There are five phenomena which effect on materials during the process of spark plasma system (SPS); (1) spark plasma, (2) electric field, (3) current or skin current, (4) impact of spark plasma, and (5) rapid heating and cooling. Advanced materials functionally graded material (FGM) can be prepared on the basis of them. SPS makes it possible to consolidate thermosetting polyimide, to sinter pure WC powder, to solidify eutectic powder and to join graphite compacts. Polyimide/CuFGM and WC/MoFGM are fabricated under the graded temperature of SPS.  English NEDO FGM　国際シンポジウム Proceedings of NEDO International Symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 10 1999-10-22 85-92 SPSを伴うペルチエモジュールの開発（NEDOプロジェクト） Development of Peltier Modules with SPS (NEDO Project) Tsuyoshi TOSHO株式会社エコ・トゥエンティーワン　北海道事業所　北海道登別千歳町2-6-11 Tsuyoshi TOSHOHokkaido Division, ECO 21, Inc. 2-6-11 Chitose-cho, Noboribetsu 059, JAPAN  Summary       This R&D project aims at developing a suitable technology for improving the properties and durability of the Peltier module at the same time as reducing costs. Peltier modules have previously been fabricated using crystalline semiconductors but these pose problems such as poor mechanical strength and high manufacturing costs. It has recently been found that a BiTe thermoelectric semiconductor sintered with SPS can provide a similar performance to that of crystalline semiconductors and that an equivalent performance can be obtained uniformly even when sintered semiconductors have a large-diameter wafer shape. This new process is also expected to enable improvements in the production yield.   This R&D was conducted over a 3 year period from 1994 as part of the R&D program commissioned by NEDO (New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization) to the Engineering Advancement Association of Japan. English NEDO FGM　国際シンポジウム Proceedings of NEDO International Symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 10 1999-10-22 93 放電プラズマ焼結により製造された傾斜機能電子材料 Functionally Graded Electronic Materials Fabricated by Spark Plasma Sintering 一ノ瀬昇早稲田大学　理工学部　〒169-8555 東京都新宿区大久保3-4-1 N. IchinoseSchool of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan  We have investigated the preparation and properties of the functionally graded electronic materials such as soft Mn-Zn and Ni-Zn ferrites, thermoelectric FeSix compounds and pyroelectric modified Bi4Ti3O12 ceramics fabricated by spark plasma sintering.      In this paper, the following three topics have been reported.       1) Magnetic Properties and Application of Multilayer Soft Ferrites       2) Effect of Microstructure on Thermoelectric Properties in the FeSix Compounds       3) Preparation and Pyroelectric Properties of Modified Bi4Ti3O12 Ceramics English NEDO FGM　国際シンポジウム Proceedings of NEDO International Symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 10 1999-10-22 94-97 積層ソフトフェライトの磁気特性と応用 MAGNETIC PROPERTIES AND APPLICATION OF MULTILAYER SOFT FERRITES 一ノ瀬昇早稲田大学　理工学部〒169-8555 東京都新宿区大久保3-4-1 Noboru IchinoseWaseda University School of Science and Engineering 3-4 1 Ohkubo Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169,Japan  This paper describes the magnetic properties of mutilayer soft ferrites such as Ni1-xZnxFe2O4 and Mn1-xZnxFe2O3. Nickel ferrites (NiFe2O4) has high Curie temperature (Tc=600C), but it is decreasing with increase of x although its magnetization is increasing with x in the composition range of 0.4 >x >0. In order to obtain Ni-Zn ferrites which have higher Tc and appropriate magnetization, mutilayer Ni1-xZnxFe2O4 with graded composition is prepared. Using four sheets of x=0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 in the Ni1-xZnxFe2O4 system, high Tc ( =600 ) and medium magnetization ( sigma= 60 emu/g) ferrite has been obtained. Multilayer Ni-Zn/Mn-Zn ferrites are also prepared by using this method. English NEDO FGM　国際シンポジウム Proceedings of NEDO International Symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 10 1999-10-22 98-101 FeSix化合物における微細構造が熱電特性に及ぼす影響 Effect of Microstructure on Thermoelectric Properties in the FeSix Compounds 一ノ瀬昇　中島晃　小田巻誠早稲田大学　理工学部　〒169-8555 東京都新宿区大久保3-4-1 N. Ichinose, A. Nakajima and M. OdamakiSchool of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1, Ohkubo, Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo 169, Japan  INTRODUCTION       Thermoelectric power generator has become a subject of great interest to meet the recent requirements for a reliable source of electric power. A number of materials have been tested for utilization in a thermoelectric generator. beta-FeSi2 is one of the promising materials useful for energy conversion in the temperature range 200 to 900deg.C. This material is nonpoisonous, good oxidation resistance and can be operated in air without any protection, exhibits high electrical conductivity and large thermoelectric power.       Here, microstructure and thermoelectric properties in the FeSix compound have been investigated for the composition range x = 1.90~2.20. For sample preparation, new technologies such as mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering have been applied. As temperature characteristics of thermoelectric power are depending on the composition, compositionally graded materials are expected to improve thermoelectric efficiency. English NEDO FGM　国際シンポジウム Proceedings of NEDO International Symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 10 1999-10-22 102-105 修飾Bi4Ti3012セラミックスの作製と焦電気特性 Preparation and Pyroelectric Properties of Modified Bi4Ti3012 Ceramics 一ノ瀬昇, Y. Takahashi早稲田大学　理工学部　〒169-8555 東京都新宿区大久保3-4-1 N. Ichinose and Y. TakahashiSchool of Science and Enginnering, Waseda University, 3-4-1, Ohokubo, Shinjyuku-ku Tokyo 169-8555, Japan  INTRODUCTION       Bithumuth layer-structured ferroelectrics such as Bi4Ti3O12 (BIT), PbBi2Nb2O9 (PBN) and Na0.5Bi4.5Ti4O15 (NBT) are characterized 1) 2) by (1) lower (epsilon)r (100-200), (2) lower tan(delta) (<0.005 ) and higher Curie temperature Tc (300-900deg.C). These properties are useful for piezoelectric and pyroelectric materials.      In this paper, the pyroelectric properties of Bi4Ti3O12 based ceramics have been investigated from the viewpoint of their application to pyro-sensor materials. Here, BIT ceramics are added with Nb2O5 for improving the electrical properties. Futhermore, lanthanum modified BIT ceramics with compositions of (Bi4-xLax)Ti3O12 + 1.0 mol% of Nb2O5 (x = 0~1.10) are also studied for obtaining higher pyroelectric coefficient in the wide temperature range because Tc of this system is decreasing with increase of the La2O3. The compositionally graded materials in the (Bi4-xLax) Ti3O12 + 1.0 mol% Nb2O5 system are expected to improve pyroelectric properties. English NEDO FGM　国際シンポジウム Proceedings of NEDO International Symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 10 1999-10-22 107-113 場の活性化によるセラミックス、複合材料及びFGMの同時的合成と緻密化 Simultaneous Synthesis and Donsification of Ceramics, Composites, and FGMs by Field Activation Z. A. MunirFacility for Advanced Combustion Synthesis, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA. Z. A. MunirFacility for Advanced Combustion Synthesis, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.  The use of an electric field to activate combustion synthesis processes has been extended to effect the simultaneous synthesis and densification of a variety of materials. Highly dense monolithic, composite, and FGM materials have been successfully synthesized by this process. Recent investigations have demonstrated the feasibility of synthesizing nanomaterials using this approach. Details of the process and results on the synthesis of selected material systems, including FGMs, are presented. English NEDO FGM　国際シンポジウム Proceedings of NEDO International Symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 10 1999-10-22 115-118 スウェーデンおよびヨーロッパにおけるSPS活動の現在と将来 Present and Future SPS Activities in Sweden and Europe. Mats Nygren and Zhijian ShenDepartment of Inorganic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden Mats Nygren and Zhijian ShenDepartment of Inorganic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden  INTRODUCTION       The first SPS unit (SPS 1050) in Europe was installed at our department in Stockholm, Sweden in December 1998. This implies that we do not have the same experience of the SPS technique as most of the speakers at this workshop have, and that is certainly true when it comes to preparation of functional gradient materials (FGM). As outlined below most of our work has so far concerned preparation of fully dense compacts of oxides, oxide and silicon nitride based (SiAlON) composites, bio-ceramics, cemented carbides and highly alloyed steels. In this lecture I will firstly summarise what we so far has achieved and then discuss our research plans for the near future.    The unit was jointly financed by our industrial partners, e.g Sandvik Coromant AB, Sandvik Hard Material AB, SECO TOOL AB, Hoeganaes AB and Erasteel AB, and the Swedish Board for Industrial and Technical Development, and 60% of the apparatus time during the first 2 years is allocated to project initiated by our industrial partners. By obvious reasons I am not able to give a detailed account on these projects. English NEDO FGM　国際シンポジウム Proceedings of NEDO International Symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 10 1999-10-22 119-122 ストニー・ブルックの熱溶射研究センター(the Center for Thermal Spray Research-SUNY)におけるFGM活動 FGM ACTIVITIES AT THE CENTER FOR THERMAL SPRAY RESEARCH-SUNY, STONY BROOK Sanjay SampathCenter for Thermal Spray Research Department of Materials Science and Engineering State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794-2275 Sanjay SampathCenter for Thermal Spray Research Department of Materials Science and Engineering State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794-2275  Thermal spray technology is a rapidly evolving field, which services a broad industrial community. The CENTER FOR THERMAL SPRAY RESEARCH (CTSR) is a consortium of a number of scientific institutions with a focus at the State University of New York at Stony Brook. Supported by a 5-year grant from National Science Foundation and working with a wide range of manufacturing companies, CTSR engages in the melt-spray production of thick protective coatings and spray-formed, high performance engineered components. Applications of thermal spray range from infrastructure maintenance to uses within gas turbine engines for aircraft and power generation, to the formation of biocompatable coatings for prosthetic implants. While CTSR is fundamentally an academic consortium, the nature of the technology requires that the research has a strong industrial orientation. Thus, the Faculty, Research Scientists, Staff and Graduate Research Assistants of the Center actively seek wide interactions with industrial organizations and governmental agencies to fulfill the needs of both educating engineering professionals and of serving the industrial community. Participating with Stony Brook in these efforts are a number of North American and European universities and National Laboratories. Professor Herbert Herman is the current Director of CTSR.     There is a great current need to enhance the utility of the technology and to heighten its visibility within the general engineering community. For its part, CTSR is engaged in research and development programs in thermal spray activities across the engineering spectrum, ranging traditional corrosion and wear protection, to repair and restoration, to electronics applications, etc. the technology appears to be limited only by the imagination of the practitioner.    The Center has for many years been active in applications engineering and has carried out research programs for and with numerous industrial concerns. English NEDO FGM　国際シンポジウム Proceedings of NEDO International Symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 10 1999-10-22 123-126 酸化球状鉄粉末の放電プラズマ焼結法 Spark-Plasma Sintering of Oxidized Spherical Fe-powder Y. H. Kim, J. H. Kang, J. S. Kim, W. T. Kim*, and Y. S. KwonResearch Center for Machine Parts and Materials Processing, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea *(株)イズミテック［住友石炭鉱業グループ］２１３－００１２　川崎市高津区坂戸３－２－１かながわサイエンスパーク東棟２０８ Y. H. Kim, J. H. Kang, J. S. Kim, W. T. Kim*, and Y. S. KwonResearch Center for Machine Parts and Materials Processing, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea * SCM Group, Izumi Tech. Co., Ltd., Kanagawa, Japan  Introduction       Recently, many reports showed that the Spark-Plasma Sintering (SPS) process would be used for a remarkable improvements in material properties through a consolidation at lower temperature for shorter period compared to other conventional sintering methods [1-9].    It is thought that weak plasma might form between the particles in powder compact and help a densification, as implied in the names. The suggested reasons for enhanced densification by SPS can be summarized as follows [10]: (a) electrical breakdown of surface oxide film and removal of contaminated layer on particle surface by spark generation and sputtering effect, (b) destruction of surface oxide film and neck formation by local melting and evaporation of metallic region at the particle inside/oxide film interface, (c) focused current and Joule heat at the neck, (d) enhanced migration of atom or ion by temperature difference between neck and particle core as well as by electrical field, and (e) plastic deformation by applied pressure. In Fig. 1(a)-(b) the possible pulse current paths in a die mold and a powder compact is schematically given.      In this study an experimental observation for the above-mentioned effects was tried through an investigation on the densification behavior of oxidized spherical Fe-powder. The changes in relative density and densification rate of two different Fe-powder (reduced and oxidized) were determined and the results were compared. Microstructural development during the sintering process was also confirmed. English NEDO FGM　国際シンポジウム Proceedings of NEDO International Symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 10 1999-10-22 127-133 放電焼結法における加圧焼結過程 Consolidation Process in "Spark Sintering" O.Yanagisawa*, H.Kuramoto**, K.Matsugi*, T.Hatayama**広島大学工学部**広島大学大学院〒739-8527東広島市鏡山1-4-1 O.Yanagisawa*, H.Kuramoto**, K.Matsugi*, T.Hatayama**Faculty of Engineering, Hiroshima University **Graduate Student, Hiroshima University Kagamiyama 1-4-1, Higashi-Hiroshima,739-8527,Japan  Introduction       Spark sintering is different from other pressure-assisted sinterings, like HIP and HP. Important characteristics of spark sintering are as follows: (1) the realization of direct electric discharge of various wave forms, (2) the sintering process with large sintering rate on unsteady heat flow conditions. In this report, the effect of direct current pulse discharge during spark sintering process is investigated. English NEDO FGM　国際シンポジウム Proceedings of NEDO International Symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 10 1999-10-22 135-140 傾斜機能材料の評価方法の概観 Overview of Evaluation Methods for Functionally Graded Materials 川崎亮東北大学　大学院工学部　材料加工学　980-8579 仙台市 Akira KAWASAKIDepartment of Materials Processing Graduate School of Engineering Tohoku University Sendai, 980-8579 Japan  The technology of Funcitonally Graded Materials (FGM) is the realization of innovative and multiple functions that cannot be achieved by the conventional homogeneous materials. FGM's comprise predetermined profiles of chemical composition and/or predetermined transitions of microstructure, which are internationally introduced so as to perform desired functions. In order to use of FGMs in a practical way, the establishment of performance test is one of becoming the extreme importance, because it enables us to evaluate the secured functions and the structural integrity in the prepared graded materials. This paper overviews evaluation methods for functionally graded materials, which are found in several scientific reports addressed on the topic. Some performance tests will be briefly described in addition to a few nondestructive testings. English NEDO FGM　国際シンポジウム Proceedings of NEDO International Symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 10 1999-10-22 141-154 世界におけるFGMsの現在の情勢と見通し PRESENT STATUS AND OUTLOOK OF FGMs IN THE WORLD 宮本欽生大阪大学　接合科学研究所 　567-0047大阪府茨木市美穂が丘 Yoshinari MiyamotoJoining and Welding Research Institute Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047 Japan  Firstly, a brief historical review of worldwide expansion of R&D on FGMs is given and the applicable field is exemplified. Then, the lecture is focused on process developments of bulk FGMs because this symposium is organized in respect to FGMs and SPS. After new forming processings of graded green bodies such as electrophoretic, centrifugal, and rapid prototyping methods are introduced, various rapid sintering methods including SPS, SHS, SHS/HIP, and microwave sintering as well as in-situ gradient formations from homogeneous green bodies are shown and compared. Finally, the outlook of FGMs with respect to the process development is discussed. English NEDO FGM　国際シンポジウム Proceedings of NEDO International Symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 10 1999-10-22 155-162 X線回折によるZrO2/SUS FGMの応力測定 Stress measurement of ZrO2/SUS FGM by XRD 加納誠介機械技術研究所　305-8564　つくば市並木 1-2 Seisuke KANOMechanical Engineering Laboratory Namiki 1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8564  A study has been carried out to evaluate the stress in the spark plasma sintered ZrO2/SUS410L functionally graded materials by employing the X-ray diffraction technique. Because, the stresses are important parameters to assess the mechanical and thermal characteristics of sintered materials. The results show that significantly higher values of stress have not be find in the cross sections of test samples. It has been also observed that at the ZrO2 rich layers, the stress values are increased near the boundaries and also the directions of the stress are changed near the boundary of layers. These results strongly suggest that the random stresses remained inside the sintered bodies, especially near the boundary, without relaxing by the spark plasma sintering. English NEDO FGM　国際シンポジウム Proceedings of NEDO International Symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 10 1999-10-22 163-167 光学的手法によるFGMの残留応力の評価 Evaluation of residual stresses in FGM by means of optical methods. 水原和行機械技術研究所 Kazuyuki MizuharaMechanical Engineering Laboratory  One of the most important reasons to use the functionally gradient materials (FGM) is to moderate the stress gradients in the materials, Then reduction and/or control of the residual stresses in the material is the key to asses the material's functionality. In this paper two methods to evaluate the residual stresses in FGM are discussed and some preliminary result that show the capability of the method are presented. English NEDO FGM　国際シンポジウム Proceedings of NEDO International Symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 10 1999-10-22 169-172 放電プラズマ焼結法によるFGMの引張特性 Tensile Properties of FGMs by Spark Plasma Sintering 市川洌通産省　科学技術庁　機械技術研究所 Kiyoshi IchikawaMechanical Engineering Laboratory Agency of Industrial Science and Technology Ministry of International Trade and Industry, JAPAN  Introduction       The tensile properties of a functionally graded materials (FGMs) is one of the most important factors to evaluate the performance of the FGMs. A functionally graded material composed of zirconia/stainless steel was proposed as a FGM available for engine components, because the zirconia has high heat-resistance and high wear-resistance and the stainless steel has high mechanical strength. In this work, an investigation was made on the tensile properties of the large-scale bulk FGM, which was composed of 3 weight percent yttria stabilized zirconia layer, mixed layer of the zirconia and SUS410L (similarly to AISI410) stainless steel and the stainless steel layer. English NEDO FGM　国際シンポジウム Proceedings of NEDO International Symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 10 1999-10-22 173-175 ブロック上のピンの摩擦におけるZrO2-ステンレス鋼FGMの摩擦特性とフレーキング Tribological Properties and Flaking of ZrO2-Stainless Steel FGM in Pin on Block Friction 高津宗吉、梅田一徳機械技術研究所　トライボロジー研究室　305-8564　茨城県つくば市並木 1-2 Sokichi Takatsu and Kazunori UmedaTribology, Mechanical Engineering Laboratory 1-2 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-8564 Japan  Introduction       A ZrO2-stainless steel (SUS) functionary graded material (FGM) has been developed for high temperature application such as engine. The purpose of present study is evaluation on tribological performance and flaking of this FGM by friction from room temperature to high temperature. English NEDO FGM　国際シンポジウム Proceedings of NEDO International Symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 10 1999-10-22 177-181 放電プラズマ焼結法により造られたSi3N4-TiN-Ti複合材料の減摩特性 Lubrication characteristics of Si3N4-TiN-Ti composites produced by spark plasma sintering 日比裕子、榎本祐嗣、田中章浩機械技術研究所 Yuko HIBI, Yuji ENOMOTO and Akihiro TANAKAMechanical Engineering Laboratory  Composites containing Si3N4, TiN and Ti were produced by the spark plasma sintering method. Sliding tests were conducted under various conditions in which the Si3N4-TiN-Ti composites were slid against a Si3N4 ceramic ball in distilled water, anhydrous ethanol, purified n-hexane and in dry condition to evaluate the lubrication compatibility of Si3N4-TiN-Ti composites. The results showed that both the friction and wear of the composites were significantly lower in ethanol than when dry, while the friction and wear in water and in n-hexane were as high as when dry. English NEDO FGM　国際シンポジウム Proceedings of NEDO International Symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 10 1999-10-22 183-186 放電プラズマ焼結法（SPS）による傾斜機能材料（FGM）の均質化 Homogenization of Functionally Graded Materials (FGM) by Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) Shinichi MIYAMOTO, Masato TANI, 鴇田正雄(株)イズミテック［住友石炭鉱業グループ］ Shinichi MIYAMOTO, Masato TANI, Masao TOKITASCM Division Sumitomo Coal Mining Group Izumi Technology Company, Ltd.  Introduction       Thermal stress relaxation type FGMs composed of a ceramic material, metal and their intermediate gradient compositions is regarded optimistically as a high-temperature material which supports both the excellent thermal resistance of ceramics and the high strength and reliability of metals. However, if the ceramic layer, which is the thermally resistant layer contains some parts in which the characteristics are heterogeneous, it is expected that it may be damaged or broken under thermal load or during cooling. When the SPS process is used, powder compacts having components with various sintering temperatures can be sintered simultaneously and quickly into FGMs by providing the sintering die/punch with sections having different cross-sectional areas. With this study, by fabricating an FGM with zirconia/stainless steel layers using an SPS machine and focusing on the hardness, the optimum sintering conditions for obtaining a zirconia layer with homogeneous characteristics were examined. English NEDO FGM　国際シンポジウム Proceedings of NEDO International Symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 10 1999-10-22 187-189 FGM粉末のフロー特性 Flow Characteristics of FGM Powders Shinichi MIYAMOTO,鴇田正雄(株)イズミテック［住友石炭鉱業グループ　住友石炭鉱業部門］ Shinichi MIYAMOTO, Masao TOKITASCM Division Sumitomo Coal Mining Group Izumi Technology Company, Ltd.  Introduction       In order to manufacture FGM/LB on an industrial scale, it is desirable to automate the powder stacking process into the sintering die/punch process and the actual sintering process. An automated system for these processes by applying the volume method in the powder stacking process was developed. When a system is implemented using automatic FGM powder stacking system, it is important to identify the flow characteristics of the powder because this affects the occurrence of troubles during storage or transport as well as the reproducibility of powder stacking quantities. Therefore, the flow characteristics of the FGM powder using the tapping method was tested and determined if there was a necessity for improvements in the flow characteristics. English NEDO FGM　国際シンポジウム Proceedings of NEDO International Symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 10 1999-10-22 191-194 Ni粉末の放電プラズマ焼結法 Spark Plasma Sintering of Ni powder Hwan-Tae Kim、川原正和、鴇田正雄(株)イズミテック　213-0012　川崎市高津区坂戸3-2-1かながわサイエンスパーク東棟２０８ Hwan-Tae Kim. Masakazu Kawahara, Masao TokitaIzumi Technology Company, Ltd. Kanagawa Science Park East Bldg. 208, 3-2-1 Sakato, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Japan  Introduction       In recent years, several papers on the sintering process of spark plasma sintering (SPS) and development of new materials using SPS have appeared in literature [1-7]. In the SPS raw powders are poured into a die assembly made electrically conductive materials without any additive and binder and compressed by punches, and applied pulsed DC voltage through the powder compacts. The application of pulsed DC voltage induces various phenomena caused by electrical and thermal effects, providing advantages which could not be obtained using conventional sintering processes. SPS process allows rapid densification of various powders in a short cycle time (under 20 minutes). However, in SPS process, sintering temperature is measured by a thermocouple inserted into the die wall or an optical pyrometer focused on the die surface so there is a problem that we can not know about the real sintering temperature of specimen. Also, the real temperature of specimen during sintering is considered higher than the temperature measured at the die. This temperature difference between specimen and die depends on the materials properties, especially the electric resistance and the size of the specimen.      In this study, the sintering behavior of Ni powder by SPS was investigated and temperature difference between specimen and die was examined. English NEDO FGM　国際シンポジウム Proceedings of NEDO International Symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 10 1999-10-22 195-201 SPSにより製造されたZrO2/ステンレス鋼複合材料の強度評価 STRENGTH EVALUATION OF ZrO2/STAINLESS STEEL COMPOSITE FABRICATED BY SPS YASUYOSHI FUJIIヤンマーディーゼル株式会社　（株）Technical Research Center　531-0076　大阪府大阪市北区大淀中5-12-39 YASUYOSHI FUJIITechnical Research Center YANMAR DIESEL ENGINE CO., LTD. 5-12-39, OYODONAKA, KITA-KU, OSAKA, JAPAN  The strength characteristics of large bulk FGM fabricated by SPS were studied by sintering the individual layers that compose ZrO2/stainless steel FGM, namely the ZrO2 100%, ZrO2 80%, ZrO2 50% and ZrO2 30% layers separately, and by measuring their bending strengths at both normal and high temperatures. As a result, it was found that, when the temperature rises to 873K, the strength of the ZrO2 80% composite deteriorates because the ZrO2 matrix is destroyed by the thermal expansion of the stainless steel component. The bending strength of the FGM was also tested in order to obtain reference values, and found that the bending strength of the FGM intermediate layers are low, this is due to the presence of pores that do not exist in the separately sintered layers. English NEDO FGM　国際シンポジウム Proceedings of NEDO International Symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 10 1999-10-22 203-209 大型バルク傾斜機能材料(FGM/LB)の熱衝撃試験 THERMAL SHOCK TESTING OF LARGE-BULK FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS (FGM/LB) YASUYOSHI FUJIIヤンマーディーゼル株式会社　Technical Research Center　大阪府大阪市北区大淀中5-12-39 YASUYOSHI FUJIITechnical Research Center YANMAR DIESEL ENGINE CO., LTD. 5-12-39, OYODONAKA, KITA-KU, OSAKA, JAPAN  A burner rig tester has been developed and applied to the thermal shock testing of SUS/ZrO2 FGM/LB with diameters of 100 mm and 150 mm. An attempt has also been made to analyze the rupture behavior by capturing cracks using an acoustic emission (AE) sensor. This has enabled it to be made clear that there is a potential for distinguishing those cracks that will lead to ruptures and those which will not depending on the size (amplitude) of the AE signal. English NEDO FGM　国際シンポジウム Proceedings of NEDO International Symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 10 1999-10-22 211-220 金属／セラミックスFGMの超音波イメージング Ultrasonic Imaging of Metal/Ceramics FGM Junji TAKATSUBO, Masaaki IMADE, Shigeyuki YAMAMOTO,榎本祐嗣鴇田正雄中国工業技術研究所　広島県呉市広末広２丁目２－２機械技術研究所(株)イズミテック Junji TAKATSUBO, Masaaki IMADE, Shigeyuki YAMAMOTO,Yuji ENOMOTO,Masao TOKITAChugoku National Industrial Research Institute, 2-2-2 Hiro-Suehiro, Kure, Hiroshima, Japan Mechanical Engineering Laboratory, Japan Izumi Technology Company, Ltd.  INTRODUCTION       The applicability of a new developed ultrasonic imaging technique to nondestructive evaluation of sintered functionally gradient materials, FGM, was examined. The specimen was sintered from laminated powders of ZrO2 and SUS410 by a spark plasma sintering method. Ultrasonic pulses were emitted from a transmission probe, and the surface waves propagating on the FGM were visualized with a laser optical system. From the visualized ultrasonic images, we could measure the surface wave speeds on the functionally gradient cross section, and found that the speed at the center depth was slower than that on both zirconia and stainless sides. It was ascertained that this velocity reduction was caused with pores contained in the material. We propose this ultrasonic imaging technique as a means to estimate porosity distributions in metal/ceramics FGM. We also describe an ultrasonic pulse echo imaging technique to investigate the internal structure of FGM. English NEDO FGM　国際シンポジウム Proceedings of NEDO International Symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 10 1999-10-22 221-225 ホウ素および炭素添加のシリコンカーバイドの緻密化、力学的特性、および微細構造に及ぼす放電プラズマ焼結法の効果 Effect of Spark- plasma- Sintering on Densification, Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Silicon Carbide Added with Boron and Carbon N. Tamari, T. Tanaka, I. Kondoh, 斎藤雅弘*1, 川原正和 *2, 鴇田正雄 *2, Y. Makino *3 、 S. MIyake *3通産省工業技術院大阪工業技術研究所　大阪府池田市緑丘1-8-31*1産業技術総合センター   981-3206 宮城県仙台市泉区明通2-2*2 (株)イズミテック［住友石炭鉱業グループ 住友石炭鉱業部門］２１３－００１２　川崎市高津区坂戸３－２－１かながわサイエンスパーク東棟２０８　*3大阪大学　接合科学研究所 　567-0047 大阪府茨木美穂が丘11-1 N. Tamari, T. Tanaka, I. Kondoh, M. Saito *1, M. Kawahara *2, M. Tokita *2, Y. Makino *3 and S. MIyake *3Osaka National Research Institute, AIST, 1-8-31, Midorigoka, Ikeda 563- 8577, Japan *1 The Industrial Technology Institute, Miyagi Prefectural Government, 2-2, Akedori, Izumi- ku, Sendai 981- 3206, Japan *2 SCM Division, Izumi Technology Co., Ltd., East 208, KSP, 3-2-1. Sakato, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki 213- O012, Japan *3 Joining & Welding Research Institute, Osaka University, 11-1, Mihogaoka, Ibaraki 567- 0047, Japan  Silicon Carbide ceramics added with boron and carbon were fabricated by spark-plasma-sintering (SPS) and hot-pressing(HP) at 1700 to 2200deg.C under 50 MPa for 5 min. Mechanical properties at room temperature were measured. The SPS brought about dense silicon carbide ceramics at a sintering temperature of 1950deg.C, which was about 150deg.C lower than that in hot- pressing. The silicon carbide ceramics obtained by SPS had strength, hardness and fracture toughness higher than those by hot-pressing. The silicon carbide grains in the sintered bodies prepared by SPS were larger than those of sintered bodies by hot-pressing. The SPS accelerated the phase transition of β-phase to α-phase of silicon carbide compared with hot-pressing. English NEDO FGM　国際シンポジウム Proceedings of NEDO International Symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 10 1999-10-22 227-235 MoSi2とグラファイトの接合と界面での反応 Joining and Interfacial Reaction between MoSi2 and Graphite Kazuya Kurokawa, Tetsushi Horibe , Hajime Uchiyama, H. Takahashi北海道大学　大学院工学研究科　060-8628　北海道札幌市北区北八条西8丁目 Kazuya Kurokawa, Tetsushi Horibe and Hajime Uchiyama, and H. TakahashiGraduate school of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060, Japan  Joining and interfacial reaction between MoSi2 and graphite was studied with a spark plasma sintering (SPS) method. The specimens joined by the SPS method were evaluated using the four-point bending strength method, and the reaction zone formed at the interface was characterized. In addition, interposing a titanium foil between graphite and MoSi2 was tried for suppression of the interfacial reaction. As a result of the solid-state reaction between MoSi2 and graphite, SiC and Mo5Si3C are formed at the interface. The morphology of SiC changes from island to layer with joining time and temperature. The maximum flexural strength is obtained in joining at 1873 K with joining time of 1.2 ks, although the flexural strength tends to decrease as SiC layer grows. When interposing a titanium foil, a titanium carbide layer is formed to suppress the formation of SiC. English NEDO FGM　国際シンポジウム Proceedings of NEDO International Symposium on Functionally Graded Materials 10 1999-10-22 237 MA－SPSプロセスによる超微細粉末TiC分散ニッケルベースサーメットの作製 Preparation of Ultra Fine TiC Dispersed Ni-based cermet by MA-SPS Process Kimihiro Ozaki, Keizo Kobayashi ,Akira Sugiyama名古屋工業技術研究所　462-8510　愛知県名古屋市北区平手町１丁目１番地 Kimihiro Ozaki, Keizo Kobayashi and Akira SugiyamaNational Industrial Research Institute of Nagoya Hiratemachi 1-1, Nagoya, 462-8510,Japan  The formation of ultra fine TiC dispersed Ni-based cermet by mechanical alloying (MA) and spark plasma sintering (SPS) process is investigated. The composition of TixC100-x(x=50~80)-20mass%Ni alloy powder is synthesized by MA of three kinds of elemental powders. During MA, TiC-Ni consolidation is formed in the vessel for the composition of less than 70at%Ti mixture. After MA, for the composition of more than 70at% Ti mixture, C and Ni powders are added to MA powder in order to make the total composition of Ti50C50-20mass%Ni cermet. This powder mixture is consolidated by SPS method at 1073K. The sintered body consists of TiC, Ni, and Ni-Ti alloys. It is found that the ultra fine TiC (<1000nm) is formed during SPS process by using Ti75C25-20mass%Ni+C+Ni powder. This ultra fine TiC is dispersed homogeneously in the cermet. English