# Fileset [proc-16th-symp-fgm-2004.xlsx](https://mdr.nims.go.jp/filesets/1bbb4dc7-ab65-4d0e-bf20-c32de17ed738/download) ## Creator National Institute for Materials Science ## Rights ## Other metadata [Proceedings of the 16th Symposium on Functionally Gradient Materials (FGM 2004) ](https://mdr.nims.go.jp/datasets/402c24f3-1764-451b-af24-ca604044e03c) ## Fulltext Sheet1 BookTitle_j BookTitle_e Volume/Issue Issueddate Page Title_j Title_e AuthorList_j AuthorList_e Abstract Language 2004年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2004＞　 Proceedings of the 16th Symposium on Functionally Gradient Materials 26 2005-03-31 1-6 ZA60A合金を用いて作製したマグネシウム基傾斜機能材料 Magnesium-based Functionally Graded Material Fabricated by a Centrifugal Method from ZK60A Alloy 渡辺義見,佐藤隆芳,金翼水/信州大学繊維学部三浦誠司/北海道大学大学院工学研究科三浦博己/電気通信大学 Yoshimi Watanabe, Ryuho Sato, Ick-Soo Kim / Shinsyu University, Ueda 386-8567, JapanSeiji Miura / Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, JapanHiromi Miura / The University of Electro-Communications, Chofu, 182-8585, Japan Magnesium based functionally graded material (FGM) was fabricated by a centrifugal method from ZK60A(Mg-5.5wt%Zn-0.6wt%Zr) alloy. The applied G numbers are 40, 80 and 120, where the G number is the centrifugal force in unit of gravity. The specimen shape was cylindrical with 18 mm in length. Microstructures of fabricated FGM specimens were observed using an SEM. Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis was performed to study the chemical compositional gradients within the fabricated FGM specimens. It was found that concentration of Zr in the fabrication FGM specimens increases toward the centrifugal force direction, while a small composition gradient or no gradient of Zn was observed. The position dependence on the hardness along the centrifugal force direction was found. These graded structures should be caused by the difference in the manner of the formation of graded microstructure between the Zr and Zn in molten metal. Japanese 2004年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2004＞　 Proceedings of the 16th Symposium on Functionally Gradient Materials 26 2005-03-31 7-12 空気吸込み型エンジンのためのC/C複合材耐酸化コーティングの耐久性向上について Improvement in Durability of C/C composite Oxidation Resistant Coating for Application in Airbreathing Engine 小野文衛,植田修一/JAXA角田 Fumiei Ono, Shuichi Ueda / JAXA Kakuda space propulsion Center, Kakuda, Miyagi, Japan Three kinds of anti-oxidation coating formed on the C/C composites surface were fabricated to evaluate the oxidation protection ability. The configurations of anti-oxidation coatings were CVD-SiC film only, CVD-SiC film with C-fiber/Si/SiC composites under layer, and the former with conversion SiC layer. These two subordinate layers were introduced to suppress the crack formation of CVD-SiC film owing to the difference in the CTE between the C/C substrate and the CVD-SiC film. Oxidation tests were conducted at 1700deg.C and 1 atm in the static air. From the test results, it became clear that the subordinate layers improvement was due to the sealing effect of silica generated from the subordinate layers. Japanese 2004年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2004＞　 Proceedings of the 16th Symposium on Functionally Gradient Materials 26 2005-03-31 13-18 遠心力晶出法で作製したAl-Al3Ni傾斜機能材料の時効による組織変化 Microstructual Change in Aged Ak-Al3Ni Functionally Graded Material Fabricated by a Centrifugal in-situ Method 松田公一/信州大学大学院工学系研究科院生渡辺義見/信州大学繊維学部 Koichi Matsuda, Yoshimi Watanabe / Department of Machinery and Mechanics, Shunshu University, Ueda, Nagano, Japan Since mechanical properties of particle dispersed composite are affected by its particle size as well as volume fraction, it is important to investigate the particle size distribution to predict the mechanical properties of composite. It is expected that the compositional gradient and particle size distribution in the functionally graded materials (FGM) should be changed at elevated temperature environment. In this study, therefore, microstructural change in aged Al-Al3Ni FGM fabricated by a centrifugal in-situ method was studied. It was found that the distributions of volume fraction, particle size, particle density and particle shape in aged FGM are different from those in un-aged FGM. Using the experimental results, origin of microstructural change in the aged FGM has been discussed. Japanese 2004年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2004＞　 Proceedings of the 16th Symposium on Functionally Gradient Materials 26 2005-03-31 19-24 ニッケル基時陽性合金のプラズマ浸炭処理 Plasma-Carburization of Ni-based Self-FluxingAlloy 北川裕之,馬場悟,　Han Heng, Abu Sulik Saleh, 野田泰稔　/　島根大学総合理工学部 Hiroyuki Kitagawa, Satoru Baba, Heng Han, Saleh Abu Suilik, Yasutoshi Noda / Department of Materials Science, Shimane University , Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan Surface hardening of Ni-based self-fluxing alloy was carried out using plasma-carburization. Carburization was performed utilizing methane glow discharge plasma on sintered Ni-based self fluxing alloy (METKO 16C) at 977deg.C for 3.6ks. The carburized surfaces were characterized by employing optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Vickers micro-hardness testing. SEM and EPMA micrographs show that thickness of carburized hard layer was approximately 120micrometer. Hard chromium carbide (Cr3C2) was found to precipitate near the surface, which contributes to the surface hardening. Japanese 2004年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2004＞　 Proceedings of the 16th Symposium on Functionally Gradient Materials 26 2005-03-31 25-30 カーボンナノチューブ固化体の作製と機械的特性の評価 Preparation of Carbon Nanotube Solids and Characterization of Their Mechanical Properties 山本剛,高橋亨,大森守,橋田俊之/東北大学大学院工学研究科大坪誠,佐藤義倫,田路和幸/東北大学大学院環境科学研究科大久保昭/東北大学金属材料研究所 Go Yamamoto, Toru Takahashi, Mamoru Omori, Toshiyuki Hashida / Tohoku University, Graduate School of Engineering, Sendai, Miyagi,JapanMakoto Otsubo, Yoshinori Sato,Kazuyuki Tohji / Tohoku University, Graduate school of Environmental Studies, Sendai, Miyagi, JapanAkira Okubo / Tohoku University, institute for Materials Reserch, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan The starting materials used in this study were single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) synthesized by an arc discharge method and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) prepared by a CVD method (NanoLab, Inc.). A spark plasma sintering (SPS) method was utilized to solidify SWCNTs and MWCNTs. To facilitate the solidification, phenol resin (50mass%) was added to the purified SWCNTs and MWCNTs. The compaction pressures used in the SPS method were 40MPa for SWCNTs and 80MPa for MWCNTs, and the temperature was 1000deg.C. The mechanical properties of the solidified SWCNTs and MWCNTs were examined using a small punch (SP) testing method. The experimental results showed that the SWCNT solids showed significant non-linear deformation response, producing quasi-ductile fracture behavior, and Young's modulus and work of fracture were 1.6GPa and 15.8Nmm, respectively. In contrast, the MWCNT solids showed brittle fracture behavior, and Young's modulus and work of fracture were 1.5GPa and 4.4Nmm, respectively. TEM observations revealed that the fracture of the SWCNT solids was characterized by pull out of SWCNT bundles, and that of the MWCNT solids was characterized by "bamboo-like" failure of MWCNTs. Japanese 2004年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2004＞　 Proceedings of the 16th Symposium on Functionally Gradient Materials 26 2005-03-31 31-36 三点曲げ試験法による単層カーボンナノチューブ固化体の機械的特性評価 Determination of Mechanical Properties of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Solides by Three Point Bending Tests 山本剛,高橋亨,大森守,橋田俊之/東北大学大学院工学研究科佐藤義倫,田路和幸/東北大学大学院環境科学研究科大久保昭/東北大学金属材料研究所 Go Yamamoto, Toru Takahashi, Mamoru Omori, Toshiyuki Hashida / Thohoku University, Graduate School of Engineering, Sendai, Miyagi, JapanYoshinori Sato, Kazuyuki Tohji / Tohoku University, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Sendai, Miyagi, JapanAkira Okubo / Tohoku University, Institute for Materials Research, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan In our previous report, we have successfully prepared single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) solids without any additives employing a spark plasma sintering (SPS) method. The effects of preparation conditions on the mechanical properties of the SWCNT solids have been investigated using a small punch (SP) testing method. It was shown from the edge of the indentation was formed on the specimen by the spherical puncher used for the load application, and the main fracture initiated and propagated in a cone-shaped region from the edge of the indentation. Therefore, no measurement of the fracture strength has been made on SWCNT solids prepared by the SPS method to date. In this investigation, the three-point-bending test method was employed to examine the mechanical properties such as Young's modulus, fracture strength and fracture energy of the SWCNT solids. The compaction pressure used in the SPS method was 120MPa, and the temperatures were 1000deg.C, 1200deg.C and 1400deg.C, respectively. The experimental results showed that when temperature was 1400deg.C, specific modulus and specific strength of 22.3GPa/Mg/M**3, nearly as same as that of industrial steel, can be obtained. Japanese 2004年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2004＞　 Proceedings of the 16th Symposium on Functionally Gradient Materials 26 2005-03-31 37-42 遠心燃焼合成法による傾斜機能サーメットと金属間化合物との接合 Cermet-FGM/intermerallic joining by centrifugal combustion synthesis 大参達也,工藤昌行,井口学/北大水間公規/北大院　現在：三菱重工業（株） Tatsuya Ohmi, Masayuki Kudoh, Manabu Iguchi / Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, JapanKiminori Mizuma / Graduate Student of Hokkaido University, Present address:MHI, Ltd., Takasago, Hyogo, Japan A centrifugal combustion synthesis (CCS) process is applied to joining a Ni3Al intermetallic compound and a Ni-Al2O3 cermet. The cermet, a tubular graphite mould, and a green compact of reactants consisting of Al, Ni and NiO were set in a centrifugal caster. When the combustion synthesis reaction was induced in the centrifugal force field, a synthesized molten Ni-Al alloy flowed into the graphite mold and joined to the cermet. The soundness of the joint interface depended on the volume percentage of Al2O3 phase in the cermet. The interface between the Ni-Al2O3 cermet and the cast Ni3Al had a lot of defects even when the volume percentage of Al2O3 was as low as 10%. For this kind of cermet system, using a functionally graded cermet with a Ni layer overcame this difficulty. Japanese 2004年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2004＞　 Proceedings of the 16th Symposium on Functionally Gradient Materials 26 2005-03-31 43-48 微細TiC粒子分散FeAl材の組成傾斜 Compositional Gradient in TiC Particle dispersed FeAl-based Composites 引地佑輔,松浦清隆,工藤昌行/北海道大学 Yusuke Hikichi, Kiyotaka Matsuura, Masayuki Kudoh / Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido. Japan When elemental powders of iron, aluminum, titanium and carbon were mixed and heated, Self-propagating High-temperature Synthesis (SHS) reactions occurred and TiC particle dispersed FeAl-based composites were obtained. By changing the rate of Ti and C to Fe and Al, the volume fraction of TiC in the composite was changed. Vickers hardness rose as the volume fraction of TiC increased. Furthermore, by changing the volume fraction of TiC gradually from 0 to 100 vol % in the composite, Vickers hardness changed from 500 to 1800. Japanese 2004年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2004＞　 Proceedings of the 16th Symposium on Functionally Gradient Materials 26 2005-03-31 49-54 電解重合法により作製したポリチオフェン膜の熱電特性 Evaluation of thermoelectric properties of polythiophene synthesized by electrolytic polymerization 平石謙太朗/東北大院篠原嘉一,中西八郎/東北大多元研 Kentaro Hiraishi / Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, JapanYoshikazu Shinohara, Hachiro Nakanishi / Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan Polythiophene films were synthesized by electrolytic polymerization using nitrobenzene as solvent and tetra-n-butyl ammonium perchrorate as electrolyte. The electrolytic concentration, thiophene concentration, electric current and reaction temperature were synthetic parameters. We have evaluated thermoelectric properties of Seebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity and hall mobility of the films in the in-plane direction. The films showed a tendency that Seebeck coefficient decreased with an increasing electrical conductivity. The figure of merit of 8.9*10**-5K**-1 was achieved at the electrical conductivity of 86 Scm**-1. Electrical conductivity was strongly dependent on hall mobility, carrier concentration was independent of synthetic parameter. This high conductivity was due to smooth surfaces, high compactness, and high crystallinity of monoclinic structure. Japanese 2004年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2004＞　 Proceedings of the 16th Symposium on Functionally Gradient Materials 26 2005-03-31 55-60 球形単分散粒子を用いた3次元テラヘルツ波フォトニック結晶の作製 Fabrication of a three-dimensional terahertz wave photonic crystal using monosized spherical particles 妹尾和則,川崎亮/東北大学大学院高木健太/⑰マイクロ粒子研究所 Kazunori Seno, Akira Kawasaki/Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, JapanKenta Takagi/Micro Powder Research Institute, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan A photonic crystal is an artificial crystal with a periodic array of dielectric material. Such a crystal possesses a band gap for an electromagnetic wave with wavelengths corresponding to a lattice period. In this study, the photonic crystal with the spherical lattice of hundreds of micrometer-order corresponding to wavelengths of terahertz wave was fabricated by a template method. Monosized spherical copper particles were self-assembled into f.c.c. structure and sintered to form necks between particles. The array was impregnated with the resin whose dielectric constant was controlled. Subsequently to cure the resin, only the copper particles lattice was etched away by chemical dissolve. The obtained resin-inversed crystals was confirmed to exhibit a photonic stopgap along <111> direction by a terahertz wave spectroscopy. The frequency and width of measured gaps well agreed with the calculated ones by the plane wave expansion method. Japanese 2004年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2004＞　 Proceedings of the 16th Symposium on Functionally Gradient Materials 26 2005-03-31 61-66 メンジャースポンジ型フォトニックフラクタルの自己相似構造と電磁波特性 Self-similar Structures and Electromagnetic Properties of Menger-sponge Type Photonic Fractals 桐原聡秀,宮本欽生/阪大接合研武田三男,本田勝也/信州大・理迫田和彰/物材機構 Soshu Kirihara, Yoshinari Miyamoto / Joining and Welding Research Institute, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka, JapanMitsuo Takeda, Katsuya Honda / Faculty of Science, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Nagano, JapanKazuaki Sakoda / Nanomaterials Laboratory, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan Menger-sponge is a three-dimensional fractal structure with self-similar patterns. We fabricated such samples with titania-based ceramic particles dispersed epoxy by stereo lithography. They have square holes of 1,3 and 9 mm in edge size through the cube body of 27 mm in edge size, which is characterized with a fractal dimension D=2.73 and fractal stage 3. The reflection and transmission amplitudes of microwave to the sample were measured by using a network analyzer, and the anomalous behavior was observed that the both intensities showed remarkable attenuations to -50 dB at 8 GHz simultaneously. The electromagnetic field amplitudes in the center holes measured by using a mono-pole antenna confirmed the strong localization in the central air cavity. The localized mode frequency can be controlled by changing the sample size, number of stage, and the effective dielectric constant. Thus, we call such fractals which can strongly localize electromagnetic waves as the photonic fractal. This new type structure of dielectric material is expected to provide various functions of perfect absorption, localization, resonation, amplification, accumulation, and filtration of electromagnetic waves in the range from microwave to light. Japanese 2004年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2004＞　 Proceedings of the 16th Symposium on Functionally Gradient Materials 26 2005-03-31 67-72 TiO2傾斜機能材料を利用した環境浄化-光触媒によるNOx除去実験- Environmental Purification on TiO2 Functionally Graded Material -Properties of Photocatalyst for DeNOx- 加藤久美子,内田敬久,林二一,内田悦行,比嘉俊太郎 / 愛知工業大学 Kumiko Kato, Yoshihisa Uchida, Niichi Hayashi, Yoshiyuki Uchida, Shuntaro Higa / Aichi Institute of Technology, Toyota, Aichi, Japan Lately, air pollution becomes a big problem in worldwide. The purpose of this study is to manufacture functionally graded materials (FGMs) to remove nitrogen oxides (NOx) on characteristics of photocatalyst. The FGM is used for building materials. The FGMs were made from Titanium dioxide (TiO2) and Korean Kaolin. Rutile and anatase crystalline types TiO2 were used. The sizes of FGM were 58mm in diameter and 5mm in thickness. The FGM was irradiated with sunlight in the atmosphere of NOx. When the mixture ratio of the rutile type and anatase type was 3:7, NOx was removed the most. Moreover, the FGM removed NOx in 5MPa pressure on it, because surface and synergy effect of rutile and anatase. It is possible to control the characteristics of the FGM by manufacturing conditions which are the mixture ratio of TiO2, pressure, etc. Japanese 2004年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2004＞　 Proceedings of the 16th Symposium on Functionally Gradient Materials 26 2005-03-31 73-78 一方向性凝固法により作製した連続的キャリア傾斜PbTeの濃度分布と出力特性 The carrier concentration distribution and output characteristics of the continuous gradient PbTe prepared by the unidirectional solidification 今井義雄,朱品文,磯田幸宏/(独)物材機構・エコマテセンター篠原嘉一/東北大・多元研 Yoshio Imai, Pinwen Zhu, Yukihiro Isoda / National Institute for Materials Science, Eco-materials Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, JapanYoshikazu Shinohara / Tohoku University, Institute of Multidisciplinary Research, Sendai, Japan We fabricated PbTe with continuous carrier concentration gradient. Carrier graded PbTe was fabricated by an unidirectional solidification with doping PbI2, Al and Zr. Carrier concentration was high at solidification initiation side and became lower at termination side. The degree of a concentration gradient was found to be controllable by the holding time at a liquid state and the cooling rate from the liquid state. We investigated relationship between carrier concentration and mobility. The portion of low carrier concentration showed smaller mobility than PbTe doped with only the Zr. We calculated true carrier concentration at the portion of the small mobility (Measured value: rho=3.77E-05ohm*m, ne=1.15e+24/m**3, RH=5.4E-06m3/C). True carrier concentration (ne) calculated from the resistively was 80% of calculated value from Hall coefficient, and the nh was about 0.1% of carrier concentration. The effective maximum power of FGM containing the portion of small carrier concentration was low. Japanese 2004年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2004＞　 Proceedings of the 16th Symposium on Functionally Gradient Materials 26 2005-03-31 79-84 ナノ傾斜構造を有する金属硫化物半導体光触媒とその水素製造への応用 Synthesis and Characterization of Metal-Sulfide Semiconductor Photocatalysts with Nano-Grade Structure for Hydrogen Production 篠田弘造,荒井健男,佐藤義倫,バラチャンドラン　ジャヤデワン,田路和幸　/　東北大院・環境科学 Kozo Shinoda, Takeo Arai, Yoshinori Sato, Balachandran Jayadevan, Kazuyuki Tohji / Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan Photocatalysts such as ZnS and CdS with controlled cluster structure in nanometer scale have made remarkable progress in photo energy conversion efficiency in splitting hydrogen sulfide to produce hydrogen. Hydrogen production rate of 2-3 liters/h could be realized by irradiating sunlight on Pt supported CdS particles dispersed in hydrogen sulfide dissolved alkaline solution spread over an area of one square mater. These photocatalysts, synthesized by a simple solution reaction process, have a unique capsule structure consisting of semiconductor and metal layers composed of nanoclusters, outside and inside respectively. In the wall of this multi-layered capsule referred to as "stratified" nanoparticle, a graded structure is formed. This nanoscale-graded structure effectively separates the charge transfer processes, which is instrumental in enhancing the photo energy conversion. Japanese 2004年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2004＞　 Proceedings of the 16th Symposium on Functionally Gradient Materials 26 2005-03-31 85-90 CVD法により合成したYSZ膜中におけるナノポアの傾斜構造 Graded structure of nano-pore in YSZ films prepared by chemical vapor deposition 塗溶,木村禎一,後藤孝/東北大・金研 Rong Tu, Teiichi Kimura, Takashi Goto / institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan YSZ films were prepared at various deposition rate (Rdep) by CVD using Zr(dpm)4 and Y(dpm)3. The films prepared at Rdep=52micrometer*h**-1 showed a columnar structure, and each column was composed of many crystals. Nano-gaps of 200 nm in width among columns, nano-pores of several 10 nm at the grain boundary of crystals and nano-pores of several nm in crystal were observed by TEM and HR-TEM. Bigger and more nano-pores were dispersed near the substrate. The nano-pores did not disappeared after heat treatment at 1473 to 1673 K for 360 ks although the growth of nano-pores and crystals was occurred. The thermal conductivity of YSZ films decreased with increasing deposition rate and then kept at a constant of 0.9W*m**-1*K**-1 over Rdep=30micrometer*h**-1, which is about 1/3 of YSZ bulk. The thermal conductivity of films almost showed no change after heat treatment at 1473 K. Japanese 2004年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2004＞　 Proceedings of the 16th Symposium on Functionally Gradient Materials 26 2005-03-31 91-96 Al-Ti系マイクロチャンネル形成過程における組織変化 Structural Change during the Microchannel Formation in Ti-Al System 桜井雅之　/　北大院大参達也,松浦清隆,工藤昌行,井口学　/　北大 Masayuki Sakurai / Graduate Student of Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, JapanTatsuya Ohmi, Kiyataka Matsuura, Masayuki Kudoh, Manabu Iguchi / Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan The method of fabricating microchannels in metal bodies is of particular interest as a core technology for producing microchannel devices such as small-scale heat exchangers or microreactors for highly exothermic reactions. In the present study, the mechanism of microchannel formation in a powder-metallurgical microchanneling process has been investigated. Titanium powder compacts including thin aluminum wire were heated and quenched from various temperatures between the melting points of aluminum and titanium. In the course of microchanneling, microscopic reactive infiltration of molten aluminum into the surrounding titanium powder and temporary blocking of the channel by a local swelling if infiltrated region were observed. The latter phenomenon indicates a complicated mechanism of microchannel formation in Ti-Al system. Japanese 2004年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2004＞　 Proceedings of the 16th Symposium on Functionally Gradient Materials 26 2005-03-31 97-102 水熱法によるハイドロキシアパタイトセラミックスコーティング作製 Preparation of Hydroxyapatite Ceramics coating on Titanium rod by Hydrothermal method 小野木伯薫,田中雅明,橋田俊之/東北大院・工・エネ安研細井和幸/白石工業(株) Takamasa Oniki, Masa-aki Tanaka, Toshiyuki Hashida / Fracture and Reliability Research Institute, Grad. Sch. of Eng., Tohoku Univ. Sendai, 980-8579, JapanKazuyuki Hosoi / Shiraishi Kogyo Kaisha Ltd., Amagasaki, 660-0085, Japan Solidification of hydroxyapatite (HA) and its coating on titanium (Ti) rod was achieved simultaneously by utilizing a hydrothermal hot-pressing (HHP) method at the low temperature as low as 135deg.C. A mixture of calcium hydrogen phosphate (DCPD) and calcium hydroxide was used as a starting powder material for HA coating. Ti rod was treated with the alkali solution before HHP treatment. The powder mixture and the Ti rod were placed into a capsule. The capsules were put into a batch type autoclave for hydrothermal treatment.Pull-out tests were conducted to obtain an estimate of the interfacial property or the HA/Ti interface. The shear fracture strength obtained from the pull-out tests was approximately 5.0MPa. In post-test observations after fracture tests, HA ceramics remained on Ti rod. It could be demonstrated that the fracture occurred into the HA ceramics, not into the HA/Ti interface. Japanese 2004年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2004＞　 Proceedings of the 16th Symposium on Functionally Gradient Materials 26 2005-03-31 103-108 レーザーアブレーション法によるSrRuO3薄膜の作製と傾斜構造電極としての応用 Preparation of SrRuO3 Thin Films by Laser Ablation and Application to the FGMs Electrode 伊藤暁彦,増本博,後藤孝/東北大金研 Akihiko Ito, Hiroshi Masumoto, Takashi Goto / Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku Univ., Sendai, Miyagi, Japan SrRuO3(SRO) thin films were prepared by laser ablation. The relationship of preparation condition and electrical conductivity was investigated. Substitution effects of the Sr site by Ba were also studied for application to the FGM electrode. The substrate temperature (Tsub) was controlled from room temperature to 973K, and the deposition atmosphere was at a high vacuum (P=10**-6Pa) and in O2 ambient at pressures (Po2) of 0.13 and 13Pa. The films prepared at P=10**-6 Pa and Po2=0.13Pa were amorphous structure. At Tsub>573K and Po2=13Pa, well-crystallized pseudo-cubic SRO thin films with (110) orientation were obtained. With increasing Tsub, the conductivity of SRO films increased from 7.7*10**3 to 9.1*10**4 S*m**-1. The epitaxial SRO films grown on (100) SrTiO3 single-crystal substrates exhibited the highest conductivity of 1.8*10**5 S*m**-1. With increasing Ba-substitution, lattice parameter of pseudo-cubic a-axis and electrical resistively at room temperature were increased. Japanese 2004年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2004＞　 Proceedings of the 16th Symposium on Functionally Gradient Materials 26 2005-03-31 109-114 Li塩を添加したゲル化燃焼合成による微結晶(Y0.95Eu0.05)2O3の蛍光強度の増大 Luminescence Enhancement of Fine Crystalline (Y0.95Eu0.05)2O3 Phosphor Prepared by Gel Combustion Method Using Li Salt 小柴大吾,武田隆史,吉川信一　/　北大院・工 Daigo Koshiba,Takashi Takeda,Shinichi Kikkawa / Gradyate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628 Red emitting phosphor (Y0.95Eu0.05)2O3 was synthesized by the gel combustion reaction in presence of several kinds of lithium salt. LiCl, LiF and Li2SO4 were added to the solution range from 0.3wt% to 80wt%. Size of the product was about 100nm from SEM and TEM observation. There were two intensity peaks; one is due to Li doping into (Y0.95Eu0.05)2O3 lattice in a range of 1-3wt% and the other is crystal growth in a range 60wt%. The phosphor prepared with 60wt% LiCl showed the highest luminescence intensity. It was 2.5 times larger than that of (Y0.95Eu0.05)2O3 synthesized without Li salt. Japanese 2004年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2004＞　 Proceedings of the 16th Symposium on Functionally Gradient Materials 26 2005-03-31 115-120 超音速フリージェットPVDによる傾斜組成皮膜の形成 Formation of Functionally Graded Coatings with Supersonic Free-Jet PVD 湯本敦史,廣木富士男,塩田一路,丹羽直毅/工学院大山本剛久/東大 Atsushi Yumoto, Fujio Hiroki, Ichiro Shiota, Naotake Niwa / Kogakuin University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, JapanTakahisa Yamamoto / University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan Compositional graduation is produced by depositing nanoparticles with supersonic free-jet PVD (SFJ-PVD). The SFJ-PVD has been developed as a new coating method in which a coating film is formed by depositing nanoparticles with very high velocity onto a substrate. The high velocity of nanoparticles is produced by the supersonic gas flow of inert gas. Graded Al/AlTi films, graded Ti/TiAl films and graded Al/Al-Si films are produced by depositing nanoparticles of Al, Ti or Si formed in different evaporation chambers with controlling evaporation rate. A smooth, compact and defect-free microstructure is formed both at the interface between substrates and coating films and inside the coating films. It is confirmed from nano-indentation hardness testing that the hardness of the graded coatings corresponds to the compositional graduation. Japanese 2004年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2004＞　 Proceedings of the 16th Symposium on Functionally Gradient Materials 26 2005-03-31 121-126 SiC被覆カーボンナノチューブ/SiC複合材料の機械的特性 Mechanical Properties of SiC-coated MWCNTs/SiC Composites 森貞好昭,宮本欽生/阪大接合研高浦祐一,廣田健,山口修/同志社大玉利信幸/産総研 Yoshiaki Morisada, Yoshinari Miyamoto / Joining and Welding Research Institute, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka, JapanYuichi Takaura, Ken Hirota, Osamu Yamaguchi / Doshisha University, Kyo-Tanabe, Kyoto, JapanNobuyuki Tamari / National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Ikeda, Osaka, Japan Multi-Walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were coated with a nanometer-sized SiC polycrystalline layer by the reaction of SiO(g) and CO(g). Nanometer-sized SiC powders were mixed with 1-5 vol% SiC-coated MWCNTs and successfully sintered at 1800deg.C by means of pulsed electric current sintering. These composites showed superior microhardness of 30.6 GPa and toughness of 5.4 MPa*m**1/2 compared to monolithic SiC ceramics due to the improvement of adhesion between MWCNTs reinforcements and the SiC matrix by the SiC coating. The microhardness and toughness of the monolithic SiC ceramics are 25.5 GPa and 4.8 MPa*m**1/2, respectively. The SiC-coated MWCNTs/SiC composites showed an interesting behavior with the elastic recovery in an indentation test. Japanese 2004年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2004＞　 Proceedings of the 16th Symposium on Functionally Gradient Materials 26 2005-03-31 127-132 ECRプラズマMOCVD法による結晶質ジルコニア膜の低温成膜とFGM基板による密着性の向上 Low-temperature Preparation of Crystallized Zirconia Films by ECR Plasma MOCVD and Improvement of Adhesiveness by FGM Substrate 増本博,後藤孝/東北大 Hiroshi Masumoto, Takashi Goto / Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, 980-8577, Japan Zirconia (ZrO2) thin films were prepared at low temperatures on quartz, polycarbonate and polyimide substrates by ECR (electron cyclotron resonance) plasma MOCVD. Zr-haxafluoroacetonato [Zr(Hfac)4] solution was used as a precursor. Substrate temperature (Ts) was from 30 to 700deg.C by water-cooling holder and infrared lamp heater. Cubic and monoclinic zirconia films were obtained at room temperature. The ECR plasma was significantly effective to prepare crystallized zirconia films at low temperatures. Adhesiveness between the polycarbonate substrate and ZrO2 film was improved by using layer-structured FGM substrate (SiO2/polysiloxane/polycarbonate). Japanese 2004年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2004＞　 Proceedings of the 16th Symposium on Functionally Gradient Materials 26 2005-03-31 133-138 レーザーCVDによるYSZ遮熱コーティングのナノ傾斜構造 Graded nano-structure of YSZ thermal barrier coating prepared by laser CVD 木村禎一,後藤孝　/　東北大金研 Teiichi Kimura, Takashi Goto / Institute for Materials Reserch, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan Nano-structure of YSZ films prepared by laser CVD (LCVD) was studied using TEM. LCVD-YSZ films had a graded nano-structure from a granular polycrystalline structure at the bottom to a particular columnar structure at the top. Such a graded nano-structure would be effective to reduce thermal stress in the film and to protect metal substrates from oxidation. The columnar grains had a significant (200) orientation. Each column was constructed from sub-columns of 300-500 nm in width. At a low deposition rate around 50 micrometer/h (125nm/s), the sub-columns were polycrystalline, and many nano-pores of 1-5 nm in diameter were formed in the grain. Japanese 2004年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2004＞　 Proceedings of the 16th Symposium on Functionally Gradient Materials 26 2005-03-31 139-143 高温環境下におけるセリア系セラミックスの破壊特性に関する研究 Fracture Properties of Ceria-based Ceramics at High Temperatures 佐藤永一,鈴木研,橋田俊之/東北大院・エネ安研水崎純一郎/東北大院・多元研 Kazuhisa Sato, Ken Suzuki, Toshiyuki Hashida / Fracture and Reliability Research Institute, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, JapanJunichiro Mizusaki / Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University Sendai 980-8577, Japan Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was performed to calculate the ionic conductivity and elastic modulus of rare earth oxide doped-ceria ceramics, by varying Y2O3 concentration to 0, 10, 15, 20, 30 and 40 mol%. The calculated ionic conductivity exhibited maximum at 10 - 20 mol%, which agreed with our experimental data. The calculated elastic modulus exhibited minimum at 10 - 20 mol%, which agreed with our experimental data. In order to clarify the reason for this maximum conductivity, the position occupied by oxygen vacancies was determined. It was founded that oxygen vacancies are trapped at the second neighbor position to rare earth ions. Japanese 2004年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2004＞　 Proceedings of the 16th Symposium on Functionally Gradient Materials 26 2005-03-31 144-149 模擬還元雰囲気下におけるセリア系固体酸化物型燃料電池の破壊挙動に関する研究 Fracture Behavior of Ceria-based Solid Oxide Fuel Cells under Simulated Reducing Atmosphere 佐藤永一,鈴木研,橋田俊之/東北大院・エネ安研八代圭司,水崎純一郎/東北大院・多元研 Kazuhisa Sato, Hajime Omura, Toshiyuki Hashida / Fracture and Reliability Research Institute, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, JapanKeiji Yashiro, Junichiro Mizusaki / Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University Sendai 980-8577, Japan A simple fracture testing method, which was combined with acoustic-emission (AE) monitoring was developed in order to investigate the mechanical performance of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) under simulated environments. The fracture testing method was applied to ceria electrolyte-supported single cells. The fracture damage process was shown to involve vertical cracking and delamination in the cathode, and vertical cracking in the electrolyte, and the fracture damages were most likely due to the chemical expansion induced fracture process and determine the condition for the onset of the fracture damage in the single cell. Japanese 2004年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2004＞　 Proceedings of the 16th Symposium on Functionally Gradient Materials 26 2005-03-31 150-154 マイクロアーク溶融法によるニオブ表面での窒化物層形成 Formation of Nitride Layer on Niobium Surface by Micro-arc Melting 高橋孝一/北海道大学（院生）松浦清隆,工藤昌行/北海道大学宮本欽生/大阪大学 Kouichi Takahashi / Graduate Student, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, JapanKiyotaka Matsuura, Masayuki Kudo / Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, JapanYoshinari Miyamoto / Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan A surface of a niobium plate was melted using a tungsten metal arc heat souce in an atmosphere of pure nitrogen in order to form a niobium nitride layer on the niobium plate. A nitride layer having a thickness of approximately 20micrometer was formed on the surface of the niobium plate, when an arc current of 15A and an arc time of 2s were used. The nitride layer consisted of NbN, Nb4N3 and Nb2N layers. The Vickers hardness was approximately 1600 at the surface and it gradually decreased with increasing decreased with increasing distance from the surface. Japanese 2004年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2004＞　 Proceedings of the 16th Symposium on Functionally Gradient Materials 26 2005-03-31 155-159 炭化・窒化表面改質したチタンの特性評価と傾斜化 Evaluation of surface modified titanium by carbide and nitride and functional grading formation 朱禹赫,宇尾基弘,大川昭治,近藤英臣,横山敦郎,王蔚,亘理文夫　/　北大院・歯下妻光夫　/　北大・医・保健学科 YH.Zhu, M.Uo, S.Ohkawa, H.Kondo, A.Yokoyama, W.Wang, F.Watari / Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido UniversityM.Shimozuma / Department of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University Physical and mechanical properties of carbide and nitride coated Ti were investigated to examine its possible use as an abrasion resistant implant material. TiC film was deposited on Ti at 700deg.C by plasma CVD using TiCl4+CH4+H2 gas mixture. The product was characterized in terms of chemical composition and microstructure by X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive elemental mictroanalysis (EDS) and surface roughness measurement. XRD showed the peaks of TiC and Ti. The TiC surface layer of about 1micrometer thicker was observed on the cross section of specimen by SEM and carbon mapping of EDS. Vickers hardness of TiC film was about 3500. Titanium nitride / hydroxyapatite functionally graded implant (TiN/HAP) was also fabricated by spark plasma sintering method. Japanese 2004年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2004＞　 Proceedings of the 16th Symposium on Functionally Gradient Materials 26 2005-03-31 161-164 自立分散型太陽光熱複合発電システムの開発 Development of the Independent Generation System Utilizing PV and TEC 鈴木一行,遠藤長司/航空宇宙技術振興財団木皿且人,新野正之/宇宙航空研究開発機構唐新峰,張清杢/武漢理工大学 Kazuyuki Suzuki, Choji Endo / Foundation for promotion of Japanese Aerospace Technology, Sendai, Miyagi, JapanKatsuto Kisara, Masayuki Niino / Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Kakuda, Miyagi, JapanXin-feng Tang, Qing-jie Zhang / Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China Soler cells are generally used for the solar energy, however, long wave photon cannot be converted to electric power. In the hybrid solar generation in this work long wave photones are separated by the selecting filter and concentrated onto the thermo-electric module in order to be used for generation in addition. We investigate functionally graded material (FGM) and so on as candidates for the thermo-electric converting material and the bonding technique for electrodes. The prototype system (1.5-2kW from solar and 0.5kW from wind) will be built in order to examine the specifications (output, temperature at each position, functions of the hybrid controller and inverter, trustworthiness) of the system. Japanese 2004年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2004＞　 Proceedings of the 16th Symposium on Functionally Gradient Materials 26 2005-03-31 165-168 傾斜機能材料データベースの運用と現状 Administration and present condition of the Functionally Graded Materials Database 木皿且人/宇宙航空研究開発機構 Katsuto Kisara / Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Kakuda, Miyagi, Japan FGMs are a new functional materials design method proposed in Japan. In 1986, JAXA(former National Aerospace Laboratory)launched a national project and carried out the R&D of fundamental FGMs technologies. FGMs provides the optimal functions appropriate for use environments, therefore, it is important to have information of approaches to create functions necessary for use environments. Functionally graded materials are different from other homogeneous materials and traditional composite materials in terms of graded compositions. Since we have been pulling other researches in the FGMs field, we worked on preparation of a database providing with basic data of functionally graded materials. We aimed at international contribution and also informed of FGMs to engineers and students in the nation and abroad. FGMs needs to be assessed by both environmental conditions and material properties.1295 researches conducted from 1986 to March, 2000 (1320 at present) were the targets. Research achievements and knowledge, keywords, figures, tables and pictures were extracted from papers as research information data. Numerical conversion data from graphs data and PDFs of the papers were also prepared. The database serves and will serve in both Japanese and English. Additional information such as researchers (1600 researchers), organizations, patents are included in this database. Japanese 2004年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2004＞　 Proceedings of the 16th Symposium on Functionally Gradient Materials 26 2005-03-31 169-172 宇宙太陽発電システム(SSPS)の高度化に対するFGMの適応性調査研究 Feasibility Study of FGM thechnology advancing SSPS 新野正之,木皿且人,毛呂明夫,森雅裕/宇宙航空研究開発機構鈴木一行/(財)航空宇宙後術振興事業団 Masayuki Niino, Katsuto Kisara, Akio Moro / Japan Aerospace Exploration Aggency, Kakuda, Miyagi, JapanMasahiro Mori / Japan Aerospace Exploration Aggency, Tsukuba, Ibaragi, JapanKazuyuki Suzuki / Foundation for promotion of Japanese Aerospace Technology, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan At present, the examination of SSPS has been started aiming at the commercialization of 20 to 30 years later, in JAXA related to Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology and USEF related to Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry. If we built SSPS using present technology, the weight of space solar power station will be a tens of thousands ton, which cause huge space transport cost. From a viewpoint of economical efficiency, SSPS is unlikely to be realized. To solve this, dramatic advance of energy conversion efficiency and ultra lightweight materials are needed. There are two keys for the dramatic advance. One is material system design, adapting FGM concept. This is Japanese original FGM part 1 which is a key point of thermal stress relaxation FGM concept. Japanese 2004年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2004＞　 Proceedings of the 16th Symposium on Functionally Gradient Materials 26 2005-03-31 173-183 テラヘルツ時間領域分光法によるフラクタル構造体中の電磁波伝播特性の研究 Investigation of the transmission property of electromagnetic wave within fractal structure using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy 信州大学理学部物理学科　/　武田三男 武田三男 (Abstract was not created by auther.)Clarification of the differences in photonic crystals and fractals, and introduction of the latest study. Japanese 2004年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2004＞　 Proceedings of the 16th Symposium on Functionally Gradient Materials 26 2005-03-31 185-194 シリコン亜酸化物(SiOx)膜のFGM化による放射冷却の向上 Improvement of radiational coolant of SiOx films by giving functionally gradient 東北大学金属材料研究所　/　後藤孝 後藤孝 In case that electronic devices are highly integrated, heat generated from semiconductor elements wastes lives and declines performance of devices. So, development of an efficient heat radiation system is expected. Heat generated within devices has to be radiated without energy consuming. For such passive cooling so to say, use of thermal conduction occurring in between large thermal conduction materials (copper and aluminum, etc.) and air is efficient, as well as radiative cooling by radiating electromagnetic wave (infrared ray) to air. Japanese 2004年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2004＞　 Proceedings of the 16th Symposium on Functionally Gradient Materials 26 2005-03-31 196-205 薄膜シリコン多接合太陽電池 Multi-bonded Si thin film-type solar cells 鐘淵化学工業株式会社　/　福田丞 福田丞 (Abstract was not created by auther.)This paper presents the change of the conversion efficiency of our developing thin film silicon solar cells and the achievements in the practical application of the solar cell module for power generation and the scheme hereafter. Japanese 2004年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2004＞　 Proceedings of the 16th Symposium on Functionally Gradient Materials 26 2005-03-31 206-233 白井健士郎,守田弘明,金内厚喜/株式会社ビッツ山本武志,大柳満之/龍谷大学 (Abstract was not created by auther.)Development of alumina blast nozzle with excellent hardness, ware resistance and cost efficiency. Japanese 2004年度　傾斜機能材料論文集　＜FGM2004＞　 Proceedings of the 16th Symposium on Functionally Gradient Materials 26 2005-03-31 234-243 傾斜組成超硬合金の押出成形機スクリューへの適用 Application of the Composition Graded Cemented Carbides 中嶋快雄,鴨田秀一,田中大之,宮腰康樹,高橋英徳/北工試・材料技術部嶋村健二,佐藤健一/⑰札幌研削工業牧孝司,安藤秀夫/住友石炭鉱業(株)・新素材事業部 Yoshio Nakajima, Shuichi Kamota, Hiroyuki Tanaka, Yasuki Miyakoshi, Hidenori Takahashi / Hokkaido Industrial Research Institute, Division if Materials Technology, Sapporo, Hokkaido, JapanKenji Shimamura, Kenichi Sato / Sapporo Kensaku Kougyo Company, Sapporo, Hokkaido, JapanKouji Maki, Hideo Ando / Sumitomo Coal Mining Co., Ltd., New Materials Division, Akabira, Hokkaido, Japan (Abstract was not created by auther.)We have been engaged in the development of cemented carbide of graded composition that has excellent wear resistance and capability of welding and verification of the properties and efficiency. Besides, as a application, trial production on screws for desulfurization agent formation bonding tips with TIG welding was carried out. In this paper, practical test results and durability of the products were reported in the comparison with existing products. Japanese