# Fileset [6th-ftm-symp-1993.xlsx](https://mdr.nims.go.jp/filesets/140379b9-9c55-4127-a870-08e26b8698cd/download) ## Creator National Institute for Materials Science ## Rights ## Other metadata [The 6th FGM Symposium (FGM'93) ](https://mdr.nims.go.jp/datasets/834f596d-98db-4201-a497-52c720dd4487) ## Fulltext Sheet1 BookTitle_j BookTitle_e Volume/Issue Issueddate Page Title_j Title_e AuthorList_j AuthorList_e Abstract Language 第６回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９３＞　論文集 The 6th FGM Symposium 19 1993-10-15 1-6 熱電エネルギー変換とFGMの適用可能性 Applicability of FGM Concept to Thermoelectric Energy Conversion Technology 梶川武信湘南工科大学工学部電気工学科 Takenobu Kajikawa Dept. of Elec. Eng., SHONAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Fujisawa, Kanaawa 251 The performance of thermoelectric element is highly dependent on the production process. Recently the R&D of processing technology to control the macro/micro structure are being active to get high figure of merit. Also the temperature range to keep high performance is narrow in general, it restricts the application of thermoelectric generation system. This paper discusses the applicability of FGM concept to thermoelectric energy conversion technology from the two points of view as follows: 1) Possiblity of high performance of thermoelectric element, and 2) advancement of manufacturing thermoelectric module. By the usage of the peculiar characteristics which are affected with doping level, doping species, micro and macro structure such as grain size for broad temperature range, FGM thermoelectric material is very much useful. Application of FGM technology to the junction of thermoelectric element is expected an important role to reduce the thermal and electrical resistance for the high temperature thermolectric module. Japanese 第６回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９３＞　論文集 The 6th FGM Symposium 19 1993-10-15 7-12 セラミックス・金属系傾斜機能材料平板の残留熱応力と予応力設計 Analysis of Residual Thermal Stress for Prestress Design of Ceramic/Metal Functionally Gradient Material Plates 石塚丈洋1）、若島健司1）1））東京工業大学 T. Ishizuka 1) and K. Wakashima 1)1) Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Kanagawa Prf. 227, Japan By use of the micromechanics-based elastoplastic analysis method that has been formulated elsewhere, stresses developed at the cooling stage of hot-consolidated ceramic/metal "functionally gradient material (FGM) " plates are numerically analyzed with particular reference to composition-graded, ZrO2-Ni particulate composite laminates formed by hot-press diffusion bonding. The effect of in-plane and out-of-plane deformation constraints upon cooling is examined for plates with different patterns of compositional grading. The outermost ceramic layer suffers a very large tensile stress (far beyond its fracture-initiation level) upon cooling irrespective of the grading patterns if and only if both of these constraints are imposed. Residual thermal stress in the ceramic layer after removal of the constrains becomes tensile or compressive, depending on the grading patterns. A beneficial effect of the compressive residual stress in cyclic heat exposure of FGM plates is demonstrated. Japanese 第６回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９３＞　論文集 The 6th FGM Symposium 19 1993-10-15 13-18 傾斜構造体の3次元熱応力モデルに関する研究その(3) Evaluation and Verification of FGM Analysis System (3) 西田俊夫1)、原田誠3)、鵜飼重治1〉、丸山忠司1)、鹿食栄1)、野村茂雄1)、熊川彰長2)1）動力炉・核燃料開発事業団　大洗工学センター、2）航空宇宙技術研究所　角田支所3）現(株)神戸製鋼所 T. Nishida1), M. Harada3), S.Ukai1), T. Maruyama1), S. Shikakura1), S. Nomura1), A. Kumakawa2) 1) Oarai Engineering Center, Power Reactor and Nuclear Fuel Development Corporation 2) Kakuda Research Center, National Aerospace Laboratory 3) Iron & Steel Research Labs, Kobe Steel Ltd. at present. Temperature and thermal stress analysis of PSZ/Ni(PSZ: 100%-Ni:100%) FGM which have excellent relaxation properties on thermal stress have been carried out under large heat flow condition with FEM code "FINAS" developed by PNC. The model for this analysis is real scale on account of comparison with experimental results in NAL. Data of mechanical properties of PSZ/Ni FGM are approximated to polynomials with temperature and ceramic/metal ratio. Heating and cooling conditions are determined based on the experimental result on the temperature at the heating surface, and thermal stress analysis is carried out with elasto - plastic model. The result of this analysis suggests that there are cracks until two layers from heating surface of FGM. This results shows relatively good agreement with the experiment. Japanese 第６回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９３＞　論文集 The 6th FGM Symposium 19 1993-10-15 19-24 W/Cu傾斜組成材料の熱応力特性 Thermal Stress Properties in Tungsten/Copper Graded Material ○高橋雅士1）、伊藤義康1）、宮崎松生1）、高野廣久2）、奥山和久2）、加藤純子2）1）（株）東芝　重電技術研究所、2）（株）東芝　京浜事業所 M. Takahashi1), Y. Itoh1), M. Miyazaki1), H. Takano2), K. Okuyama 2), J. Katoh2) 1) TOSHIBA Corporation, Heavy Apparatus Engineering Laboratory, 2-4 Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230, Japan 2) TOSHIBA Corporation, Keihin Product Operations, 2-4 Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230, Japan A tungsten (W)/copper (Cu) graded material was newly developed as a new material against high heat flux, for example, plasma, ion beam and so on. A sintering and infiltration technique was proposed for fabricating the W/Cu graded material. On the other hand, an establishment of material design technique is also very important to enhance a heat sink ability of the W/Cu graded material. In this paper, a thermal stress properties of the W/Cu graded material is examined, when it is used as a beam target against high heat flux. Especially, the effect of W/Cu graded distribution on the thermal stress is discussed in the beam target applied the W/Cu graded material. It is shown that a maximum thermal stress becomes smaller, when n-value is 0.5. Japanese 第６回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９３＞　論文集 The 6th FGM Symposium 19 1993-10-15 25-30 ガスタービン翼用ZrO2/MCrAlY傾斜組成遮熱コーティングの物性値の推定と熟応力解析 An Analysis of Properties and Thermal Stresses in ZrO2/MCrAlY Graded Coatings for Gas Turbine Blades ○岡村隆成、小林隆裕、伊藤義康、高橋雅士(株)東芝 T.Okamura, T.Kobayashi, Y. Itoh, M.TakahashiToshiba Corporation, Turumi-ku, Yokohama 230, Japan This paper presents an analytical method of properties and thermal stresses in ZrO2/MCrAlY graded coatings produced by Vacuum Plasma Spraying (VPS). It is investigated the pattern of sprayed particles in graded coatings to make the analytical modeling. This modeling is characterized by a random dispersion of composite material's particles having each properties in calculating regions. The properties such as thermal conductivity, Young's modulus and coefficient of thermal expansion in composite materials are analyzed. Also, this method is applied to ZrO2/MCrAlY graded coatings for gas turbine blades and the thermal stresses are analyzed. A validity of this methodology is investigated by comparison with analytical results on a simple pattern with a ZrO2 particle in MCrAlY matrix. Japanese 第６回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９３＞　論文集 The 6th FGM Symposium 19 1993-10-15 31-36 非定常加熱・冷却場における熱遮蔽型FGMの熱衝撃損傷メカニズムの推定 Transient Thermal Cycling Damage Modeling for Thermal Barrier-Typed Functionally Gradient Material 松崎祐司、川村昌志、藤岡順三、岡崎章三川崎重工業株式会社・明石技術研究所 Y. Matsuzaki, M. Kawamura, J. Fujioka, S. Okazaki Akashi Technical Institute, Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd., Akashi, 673 Japan An application-capable functional graded thermal barrier coating (TBC) design system for hot section components in commercial gas turbines, including an inelasticity-dependent damage modeling, is needed to realize the full potential of FGM-applied engine performance and durability benefits. The objective of this work is to illustrate the thermomechanical response and failure mode of FGM associated with inelastic strain in elevated thermal cycling conditions. Numerical experiments based on FEM analysis has been conducted wherein the nonlinear properties of homogeneous Hastelloy X was utilized as a base-line model. Effects of macroscopic properties of FGM, including coefficient of thermal expansion, elastic modulus, and compositional distribution of constituent materials, on the inelasticity-dependent failure mode are discussed. Japanese 第６回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９３＞　論文集 The 6th FGM Symposium 19 1993-10-15 37-41 温度傾斜焼結法によるジルコニア(ZrO2)－金属(SUS)系傾斜機能材料の合成 Preparation of ZrO2 (3Y)-Metal (SUS) Functionally Gradient Materials by Thermal Gradient Sintering 大森守1）、酒井広隆1）、大久保昭1）、平井敏雄1）、川原正和2）1〉東北大金研、2)(株)住友石炭鉱業 M.Omori1), H.Sakai1), A.Okubo1), T.Hirai1) and M.Kawahara2)1) Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980, Japan 2) Sumitomo Coal Mining Co., Ltd., 208 East KSP, 3-2-1 Sakato, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki 213, Japan Functionally gradient materials (FGM) were prepared from ZrO2 (3Y) and metals (SUS-410 or SUS-316) by using a spark plasma sintering equipment. Mixed powders were made of the metal and ZrO2 of 90, 80, 70, 50, 40 and 30vol%. These were layered and sintered for 10 min. The sintering temperature of the ZrO2 layer was ca. 1200deg.C and that of the metal was 1000deg.C. The FGM containing SUS-410 was dense and free from cracks. However, the FGM containing SUS-316 was dense and cracked between the ZrO2 layer and the 90%ZrO2-SUS (316) layer. The crack was due to the large difference of the thermal expansion coefficients of SUS-316 and ZrO2. Japanese 第６回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９３＞　論文集 The 6th FGM Symposium 19 1993-10-15 43-45 AlN-M系 (M=Ni, Mo, W)の微構造FGM Microstructured FGM of the System AlN-M (M=Al, Ni, Mo, W) 新谷光二1)、大崎勝久2)1)北大工、2)日新製鋼 K. Atarashiya 1) , K. Osaki 2) 1) Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060, Japan 2) Nisshin Steel Co. Ltd. , Ichikawa 272,Japan A nano-structured FGM block of the system AlN-M (M=Al, Ni, Mo, W) was prepared by the method of powder metallurgy. A compositionally gradient mixture of an ultrafine aluminum particle and an ultrafine M-metal particle was pressed (200-400 MPa) in a steel die, followed by two-step sintering (873 K and 1273 K) in flowing nitrogen under null pressure. The techniques of an ultrafine particles mixing and sintering without crystal grain growth were invented. The structure and the compositional distributions of the FGM block were examined by SEM and EDX. The physical properties of the FGM block such as density, thermal expansion coefficient and micro hardness were measured. Japanese 第６回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９３＞　論文集 The 6th FGM Symposium 19 1993-10-15 47-50 金属基板上へのPSZ/IN100系傾斜機能材料の作製 Fabrication of PSZ/IN100 Functionally Gradient Material on Metal Substrate 結城正弘1)、中西保正1)、川崎亮2)、渡辺龍三2)1)石川島播磨重工業技研、2)東北大学工学部 M. Yuki1), Y. Nakanishi1), A. Kawasaki 2) & R. Watanabe 2)1) Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries Co., Ltd. Yokohama 235, Japan 2) Tohoku University, Sendai 980, Japan A fabrication process based on slurry stacking and sintering technique for PSZ/IN100 functionally gradient material (FGM) on a metal substrate was developed for an improvement in the fracture strength of thermal barrier coating (TBC). The PSZ fabricated by the developed process has 8 times strength, 4 times Young's modulus and 3 times expansion coefficient compared with the PSZ obtained by conventional plasma spraying. The thermal barrier characteristic of the PSZ/IN100 FGM coated by the developed process and the TBC by conventional plasma splaying were investigated using burner heating test. The plasma sprayed TBC spalled under the temperature condition of 1160K at the substrate's surface. On the contrary, the developed FGM coating showed no cracking under the same condition. Japanese 第６回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９３＞　論文集 The 6th FGM Symposium 19 1993-10-15 51-55 SHS/HIPによる対称型傾斜機能材料の開発 Development of Symmetrical Functionally Gradient Materials by SHS/HIP 宮本欽生1)、谷畑公昭1)、栗振思1)、康燕生1)、村川英一 2)、南部森雄2)1)阪大産研、2)溶研 Y. Miyamoto1), K. Tanihata 1), Z. Li 1), Y. Kang1), H. Murakawa 2), M. Nammbu　2) 1) ISIR, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567, Japan 2) Welding Research Institute, Osaka University New functionally gradient materials with a symmetric compositionally gradient and hierarchical structures in the systems of Al2O3/TiC/Ni/TiC/Al2O3, Al2O3/Cr3C2/Ni/Cr3C2/Al2O3 and others were fabricated by the SHS/HIP compaction. Strong residual compressive stresses were induced at the surface ceramic layers due to the contraction of the metal rich center layer as well as the thermal expansion mismatches between the surface and center layers during the SHS/HIP. The product functions showed some outstanding capabilities of a prestress toughening for the ceramic layer, crack detection, crack direction control and crack sealing besides incorporation of various ceramic and metal functions, which suggests a route for the future hyperfunctional materials. Japanese 第６回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９３＞　論文集 The 6th FGM Symposium 19 1993-10-15 57-60 減圧プラズマ溶射による傾斜機能材料の形成とその評価 The Fabrication and The Evaluation of Functionally Gradient Materials Made by Low Pressure Plasma Spray 下田信之、浜谷秀樹、一山靖友、北口三郎、斉藤亨新日本製鐵（株）　鉄鋼研究所　接合研究部 N. Shimoda, N. Hamatani, Y. Ichiyama, S. Kitaguchi, T. Saito Nippon Steel Corporation, 20-1 Futtsu, Chiba 299-12, JAPAN Disk shaped Functionally Gradient Materials (FGM) prepared by the Low Pressure Plasma Spray (LPPS) were evaluated by the 5kW CO2 laser. FGM consists of zirconia and nickel super alloy. It was observed vertical cracks were terminated at metal particle. This is thought to suggest the advantage of FGM for its vertical crack arrestability. For the application to Orbital Maneuvering System engine, the new type of FGM was prepared. It is fabricated by LPPS and Composite Electro-Forming (CEF) method. CEF coating adhered to LPPS coating. This FGM showed good thermal properties in some evaluations. Japanese 第６回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９３＞　論文集 The 6th FGM Symposium 19 1993-10-15 61-66 傾斜機能分子構造を有する、スチレン・ブタジエン・テーパードプロック共重合体 "Styrene Butadiene Tapered Block Copolymer" having a Functionally Graded Molecular-Structure (FGM) 浅井新一郎電気化学工業(株)　総合研究所 Shinichiro Asai Research Center, Denki KagakuKogyo K. K. , 3-5-1 Asahi-cyo, Machida-city, Tokyo, 194-01 Japan A tapered block copolymer (polystyrene - styrene/butadiene tapered co-polymer - polystyrene) with 150,000 molecular weight and with 70 to 90 wt% styrene was polymerized/molded to a tough transparent resin, while the clear-cut block copolymer with the same styrene content/ configuration (polystyrene -polybutadiene - polystyrene) behaved as a brittle resin. The high impact strength and the great energy dissipation of this polymer seem to be due to the inter-layer between polystyrene and tapered copolymer domains. The morphology of this tapered copolymer was different from the corresponding clear-cut block copolymer. This tapered copolymer resin does not craze like a conventional rubber modified high impact polystyrene. The tapered block copolymer is now used as a high impact transparent resin, but it has many other applications with its unique characteristics. Japanese 第６回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９３＞　論文集 The 6th FGM Symposium 19 1993-10-15 67-72 複合めっき/減圧プラズマ溶射法PSZ-Ni系傾斜機能材料の耐久性評価 Durability of PSZ-Ni FGMS Prepared by Composite-plating/LPPS methods 熊川彰長1)、高橋守1)、佐々木正樹1)、外川守人2)、北口三郎3)1)航技研角田支所、2)三菱重工（株）、3)新日鐵（株） A. KUMAKAWA 1), M. TAKAHASHI 1), M. SASAKI 1), M. TOGAWA 2) and S. KITAGUCHI 3) 1) National Aerospace Laboratory, Kakuda Research Center 2) Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. 3) Nippon Steel Corporation Disk-shaped Functionally Gradient Material (FGM) specimens prepared by the composite-plating and the LPPS methods combined with the plating were heated with the beam of a 30kW Xe-arc-lamp and simultaneously cooled with liquid nitrogen in a vacuum environment. It was observed that the effective thermal conductivity of the FGM specimens prepared by the composite-plating method decreased with an increase in the number of thermal cycles. However, the FGM specimen prepared by the combined method was sound after 65 thermal cycles. It was suggested that the thermal damage of FGMs can be expressed based on the change of effective thermal conductivity and that there are three degradation modes of the effective thermal conductivity of FGMs. Japanese 第６回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９３＞　論文集 The 6th FGM Symposium 19 1993-10-15 73-78 SiC/C傾斜組成黒鉛材料の熱サイクル酸化挙動 Thermal Cyclic Oxidation Behavior of Compositionally Gradient Graphite Material of SiC/C 中野純一1)、藤井貴美夫1)、新藤雅美1)1)日本原子力研究所　　材料研究部 J. NAKANO 1), K.FUJII 1) and M. SHINDO 1) 1) Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute, Tokai-mura, Ibaraki-ken 319-11, Japan For the developed compositionally gradient graphite material composed of surface SiC coating layer, intermediate SiC/C layer and graphite matrix, the thermal cyclic oxidation test was carried out together with two kinds of the SiC coated graphite materials in air environment. It was made clear that the developed material exhibited high performance under severe thermal cyclic condition independent of the surface morphology, i.e., the concentration, the distribution, etc. of SiC, of intermediate SiC/C layers and had the more cycle margin from crack initiation to failure for surface SiC coating layer compared with the SiC coated graphite materials. Japanese 第６回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９３＞　論文集 The 6th FGM Symposium 19 1993-10-15 79-84 傾斜機能材料の非定常温度応答ならびに熱物性値評価 Transient Temperature Response of FGM and Evaluation of Thermophysical Properties 牧野敦1)、荒木信幸1)1）静岡大学工学部 A.Makino1), N.Araki1) l) Faculty of Engineering, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu 432, Japan Temperature response in a functionally gradient material (FGM) which is subjected to transient heating is investigated, in order to estimate profile of thermal diffusivity from the temperature response at the rear surface of the FGM. Focus is put on a distribution parameter which gives the profiles of thermophysical properties when there exists an exact analytical solution for the temperature response in FGM. An explicit relation is obtained between the distribution parameter and thermophysical properties at the rear surface. This explicit expression can represent the dependence of the temperature response on the thermophysical properties within 4%. It is expected that this identification can provide useful insight into the estimation of thermophysical properties in FGM. Usefulness of this relation is also examined by comparing given and estimated profiles for the thermal diffusivity. Fair agreement is demonstrated, as far as the trend and the approximate magnitude are concerned. Japanese 第６回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９３＞　論文集 The 6th FGM Symposium 19 1993-10-15 85-88 傾斜機能材料の熱拡散率の簡易測定法の開発 Development of evaluation technique of thermal diffusivity for functionally gradient materials by photothermal radiation method 加藤健次、渡辺昭雄、今井庸二、小島勇夫物質工学工業技術研究所 K. Kato, A. Watanabe, Y. Imai, I. Kojima National Institute of Materials and Chemical Research A simple technique based on the photothermal radiation (PTR) measurements has been developed to evaluate the thermal diffusivity of the functionally gradient materials. When a chopped laser beam was focused on a sample surface, the infrared radiation form a point at a short distance from the excitation point was detected. Thermal diffusivity, alpha, can be calculated using delay of heat transmission and the distance, d, between the excitation point and the detection point. Two types of light modulation were tested. One was regular chopping; a lock-in amplifier was used for signal detection, and phase lag, phi, was found to be proportional to square root of chopping frequency, f. Alpha was calculated by the equation, alpha=(d**2) /(2S**2), (S is the slope for the plots of phi versus root f). The other was pseudo random chopping; a digital correlater was used, and shift in the peak position, tau 0 , of the cross correlation function was proportional to d**2 . In this case, alpha can be calculated by alpha=C*d**2/tau 0 (C is a constant and can be obtained by measurements of reference samples). Japanese 第６回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９３＞　論文集 The 6th FGM Symposium 19 1993-10-15 89-92 FGMデータベースシステム Functionally Gradient Materials Data Base System 須藤孝幸1)、木皿且人1)、毛呂明夫1)1)航空宇宙技術研究所　角田支所 T.Sudo1) , K.Kisara1) , A.Moro1) 1) Kakuda Research Center, National Aerospace Laboratory, STA 1 Koganezawa, Kimigaya, Kakuda Miyagi 98-15 Japan In this paper, the data accumulations and utilizations method for FGM project is presented. As the data base, it prepares the following three types of data base. 1-Fact Data Base 2-Reference Data Base 3-BBS Data Base (Bulletin Board System Data Base) It states a way of using data base and the design expert system which used this data base. Japanese 第６回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９３＞　論文集 The 6th FGM Symposium 19 1993-10-15 93-97 核融合炉部品用電気絶縁性両側傾斜機能材料の開発 Development of Functionally Gradient Materials for Electric Insulation of Fusion Reactor Components 川村昌志1)、松崎祐司1)、藤岡順三1)、山崎誠一郎2)、西尾敏3)、阿部哲也3)、多田栄介3)1)川崎重工業(株)　明石技術研究所、2)川崎重工業（株）　原子力本部、3)日本原子力研究所 M. Kawamura 1), Y. Matsuzaki 1), J. Fujioka 1), S. Yamazaki2) S. Nishio 3), T. Abe 3) , E. Tada 3)1) Akashi Technical Institute, Kawasaki Heavy Ind.Ltd., Kawasaki-cho, Akashi, Hyogo 673, JAPAN 2) Nuclear System Division, Kawasaki Heavy Ind.Ltd., Minamisuna, Koto-ku, Tokyo 136, JAPAN 3) Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute, Mukoyama, Naka-machi, Naka-gun, Ibaraki 311 -02, JAPAN Electric insulation is required in a fusion experimental reactor component in order to prevent damage by the electromagnetic force due to induced current generated by plasma disruption. For the purpose of reducing the induced current, stainless steel/PSZ-Al2O3/stainless steel functionally gradient material (FGM) with graded composition in the axial direction has been developed. This FGM is expected to be more reliable owing to its less residual stress and higher leak tightness compared with the ceramic/metal direct bonded structure. It was revealed, from FEM analysis, that the key parameters for reducing the residual thermal stress generated in the fabrication process were the thermal expansion coefficient of FGM constituent materials and the graded layer thickness. The effect of these parameters were quantitatively experimentally evidenced. The electric resistance of the FGM was estimated to be approximately 10**6 times larger than that of stainless steel, and which satisfied the design requirements. Japanese 第６回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９３＞　論文集 The 6th FGM Symposium 19 1993-10-15 99-100 MOSi2基高温電極材料の作製と評価 Fabrication and characterization of the MoSi2 base high temperature electrode 康燕生1)、村岡芳幸2)、宮本欽生1)1)阪大産研、2)同志社大 Yan-Sheng Kang1), Yoshiyuki Muraoka2), Yoshinari Miyamoto1) 1) ISIR Osaka University, Osaka 567, Japan2) Doshisha University, Kyoto 602, Japan In order to develop the gradient functional high temperature electrode, the Non-FGMs and FGMs based on the MoSi2 were fabricated using the methods of SHS/HIP and HIP. The volume of the Si fuel affected the characteristics of the MoSi2 Non-FGMs. The most suitable amount of the Si fuel was 30 g. The density of MoSi2 was 97 % of theoretical, and the hardness 10.7 GPa, the flexural strength about 550 MPa. The incorporation of Al2O3 in the FGMs acted as a diffusion stopper to the Ni. Japanese 第６回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９３＞　論文集 The 6th FGM Symposium 19 1993-10-15 101-106 再使用型2液式エンジンの試作－改良型ZrO2溶射/ZrO2分散Ni電鋳燃焼器－ Reusable Bipropellant Engine with ZrO2 Functionally Gradient Materials Coating 黒田行郎(1)、日下和夫(1)、外川守人(2)、下田信之(3)1)航技研・角田、2)三菱重工(株)、3)新日鐵(株) Y. Kurada (1), K. Kusaka (1), M. Togawa (2), N. Shimoda (3) 1) Kakuda Research Center, National Aerospace Laboratory, 1, Koganezawa, Kakuda, Miyagi 989-15, Japan 2) Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, LTD. 1200, Higashi-Tanaka, Aichi 485, Japan 3) Nippon Steel Corporation, 201 Shintomi, Futtsu ChibaKen 299-12, Japan The reusable regeneratively cooled thrust engine, powered by nitrogen tetroxide (NTO)/monomethyl hydrazine (MMH) propellant, is a candidate for the orbital Maneuvering System (OMS) engine. The reusable OMS engine, designed to improve engine performance, requires chamber materials resistant to extreme conditions of high temperatures and of oxidizing atmosphere at the inner walls of the chamber. To meet these requirements, we used the Composite Electro-Forming method (CEF) to make ZrO2/Ni FGM. We are also under way to fabricate the new type of ZrO2/Ni FGM chamber using Low Pressure Plasma Spray method and Composite Electro-Forming method. In this study firing tests of a regeneratively cooled thrust engine, composed of ZrO2/Ni FGM made by the CEF method, were conducted with NTO/MMH propellant. A total of 122 firing tests were performed to identify problems associated with combustion chambers. Japanese 第６回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９３＞　論文集 The 6th FGM Symposium 19 1993-10-15 107-112 傾斜機能熱電変換材料の基本設計について Fundamental Design for Functionally Gradient Thermoelectric Materials 寺木潤一1)、Larry W.Whitlow1)、平野徹1)1)ダイキン工業（株） Junichi Teraki1), Larry W. Whitlow1), Tohru Hirano1) 1) MEC Laboratory, Daikin Industries, LTD., Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, 305, Japan In this Paper, the fundamental design procedure for Functionally Gradient Thermoelectric Materials is presented. At first, a model is presented for the transport properties of heavily doped n-type silicon-germanium alloys. Electron and phonon transport coefficients are calculated using standard Boltzman equation expressions in the relaxation time approximation. Next, we present a numerical analysis of FGM TE device, in terms of a model consisting of "continuously" segmented arms, i.e. arms with a functionally gradient carrier concentration, material composition, and/or material microstructure. Japanese 第６回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９３＞　論文集 The 6th FGM Symposium 19 1993-10-15 113-117 宇宙用太陽電池セルのFGM化について Functionally Gradient Materials Function for Space Solar Cells 松田純夫宇宙開発事業団 S.Matsuda National Space Development Agency of Japan, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan Functionally gradient materials (FGM) for solar cells should have the following improvements: (1) Improved short wavelength spectral response (2) Improved long wavelength spectral response (3) Reduced reflectance loss (4) Expanded usable wavelengthSolar cells for space use will require the items below, (1) Radiation hardness (2) High conversion efficiency (3) Light weight (4) Easy handling (5) Low costThis paper describes the potential of FGM for use in space solar cells from the viewpoint of materials and other considerations. After that, we propose following improvements using FGM: (1) To apply FGM for the boundary with III-V compound solar cells and cheaper based materials (2) To apply FGM as interconnector materials to compensate for different coefficients of expansion (3) To apply FGM to bifacial solar cells utilizing albedo from Earth in low Earth orbit Japanese 第６回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９３＞　論文集 The 6th FGM Symposium 19 1993-10-15 119-124 PIES法の傾斜構造熱電材料への適用可能性－予備実験 Potentiality of PIES method for preparing functional gradient thermoelectric materials ----Preliminary experiments 山本淳、○太田敏隆、田中忠良電子技術総合研究所 Atsushi YAMAMOTO, Toshitaka OHTA , Tadayoshi TANAKA Electrotechnical Laboratory, Tsukuba-city, Ibaraki 305, Japan The PIES method (Pulverized and Intermixed Elements Sintering method) is one of the most promising methods of preparation for thermoelectric materials. It has a number of advantages over the melt technique, such as low energy inventory for preparation, increased mechanical strength and homogeneity, and low cost and a short processing period. The purpose of this study is to initiate collecting data on relations between thermoelectric properties and dopant concentration in order to obtain fundamental data for designing functional gradient thermoelectric material by PIES method. The p-type (Bi2Te3)0.15(Sb2Te3)0.85 doped with 0 - 30 wt% excess antimony were prepared by PIES method. At room temperature, the electrical resistivities are from 1.6x 10**(-5) to 5.3x10** (-6) ohm meters and the Seebeck coefficients are from 175 to 19 microV/K. These values changed remarkably at the range from 9 to 13 wt.%, then finally showed semi-metallic values. Japanese 第６回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９３＞　論文集 The 6th FGM Symposium 19 1993-10-15 125-130 PIES-HIP法によるBi-Te 熱電材料の開発 Thermoelectric Properties of (Bi2Te3), (Sb2Te3) System with PIES Powder by HIP treatment ○時合健生、上杉隆、田村総出光マテリアル（株） Takeo TOKIAI, Takashi UESUGI and Satoshi TAMURA Idemitsu Materials Co. Ltd. , Sodegaura-shi, Chiba 299-02, Japan The figure of merit Z(p) of p-type (Bi2Te3) , (Sb2Te3) system reached 2.8x10**(-3)/K(298K) by Hot Isostatic Press(HIP) treatment. The raw materials of this system were prepared by the Pulverized and Intermixed Elements Sintering(PIES) method. The high density and uniform solid solution of a sintered material was generated through a process of nuclei formation and grain growth; (1) nuclei of solid solution was generated by the mechanical alloying effect; (2) HIP treatment generated a crystal grain growth and the higher density of sintered body. Therefore, it is assumed that the increase of figure of merit is caused by the following factors; the Seebeck coefficient generated by uniformed solid solution, the decreased resistivity (ohm*m) due to increased density and large grain and the decreased thermal conductivity by scattering of phonon in the grain boundary of polycrystal, which is smaller than that of single crystal . Japanese 第６回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９３＞　論文集 The 6th FGM Symposium 19 1993-10-15 131-134 引き上げ法によるキャリア濃度傾斜化Bi2Te3系単結晶の熱電特性 Thermoelectric Properties of n-type Bi2Te3 Single Crystal with Gradient Carrier Concentration Grown by the Czochralski Method 海部宏昌1)、奥村次徳1)、西田勲夫２）1)東京都立大学工学部、2)金属材料技術研究所 H.T. Kaibe 1) , T. Okumura 1) and I.A. Nishida 2) 1)Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji-city, Tokyo 192-03, Japan 2)National Research Institute for Metals, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153, Japan The Chochralski technique was employed to prepare Bi2Te3 single crystals. The unidirectional solidified Bi2Te2.85Se0.15 doped with HgBr2, which is a composition of the n-type utilized thermoelectric material, was used as the starting material. The growth conditions were growth rate of 5mm/h, the rotation rate of 2rpm. The temperature and gradient of the solid-liquid interface were 863K and 3.8K/mm, respectively. Since excess Te and Se atoms behaves as a singly ionized donor, the boules obtained from the melt with excess of less than 2wt%Te were p-type conductors. The n-type one was obtained from the melt with excess of 3wt% of Te. The pi-shaped thermocouple was constructed from the p-type and n-type single crystals grown from the melt doped with excess 1 and 3wt%Te. The maximum temperature difference delta Tmax was measured as a function of the hot side temperature in a vacuum of 4 x10**(-5) Torr. The temperature dependence of the thermoelectric figure of merit Zpn was estimated using an equation of delta Tmax=Zpn Tc**2/2, where Tc is the cold side temperature. Zpn had a maximum value of 2.3 x 10**(-3) K -1 at 245K, which indicates the elevation of the thermoelectric performance in the low temperature range comparing with that of the utilized unidirectional solidified materials. Japanese 第６回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９３＞　論文集 The 6th FGM Symposium 19 1993-10-15 135-140 n型Bi2-XSbXTe2.85Se0.15焼結体の熱電特性 Thermoelectric Properties of Sintered n-type Bi2-x Sbx Te2. 85 Se0.15 中村和史1)、森川謙二1)、大和田仁1)、三浦啓一1)、小川賢治1)、西田勲夫2)1)小野田セメント（株）、2)金属材料技術研究所 K. Nakamura 1) , K. Morikawa l), H. Owada l) , K. Miura l) , K. Ogawa l), I.A. Nishida 2) l) ONODA CEMENT CO.LTD., Osaku, Chiba 285, Japan 2) National Research Institute for Metals, Naka-Meguro, Tokyo 153, Japan The sintered n-type Bi2-xSbxTe2.85Se0.15 (x=0-0.3) doped with SbI3 were prepared by the hot-press technique. The quantities of SbI3 were changed with x on purpose to obtain a constant carrier density of 1.0x10**(25) m -3 for all specimens. Electrical conductivity sigma, Hall coefficient R, Seebeck coefficient alpha and thermal conductivity kappa were mesured at room temperature. Hall mobility mu was evaluated from sigma and R and phonon thermal conductivity kappa ph was calculated from kappa- and R- data. These values decreased with increasing of x and the dependence were found to be caused by solution of Sb into Bi2Te2.85Se0.15. The kappa ph got smaller about 11% than that of a solidified polycrystal with the same composition by a scattering effect of grain boundaries in the sintered material. Japanese 第６回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９３＞　論文集 The 6th FGM Symposium 19 1993-10-15 141-144 Mg2Sn-Mg2Ge系固溶半導体の作成と熱電特性 Preparation and Thermoelectric Properties of Mg2Sn-Mg2Ge solid solution semiconductors 野田泰稔1)、須川智規1)、西田勲夫2)、増本剛3)1）東北大、2）金材技研、3）電磁研・石巻専修大 Y. Noda 1), T. Sugawa 1), I.A. Nishida 2), K. Masumoto 3) 1)Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980, Japan 2)National Research Institute for Metals, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153, Japan 3)Research Institute for Electric and Magnetic Materials, Taihaku-ku, Sendai 982: Ishinomaki Sensu University Ishinomaki 986, Japan Mg2Sn1-xGex(0<=x<=0.2) solid solution polycrystals were prepared, where excess Mg is necessary to obtain homogeneous samples. The onset of intrinsic condition changes from 240 K for Mg2Sn to 400 K for Mg2Sn0.9Ge0.1 sample. Carrier concentrations were effectively controlled for Mg2Sn0.9Ge0.1 samples by doping Sb and Ag for n- and p-type conduction, respectively. Thermoelectric power and electrical conductivity were measured as a function of carrier concentration at 300 K. The power factors for the p- and n-type samples take maxima, respectively, in the carrier concentration of 10**(25) -10**(26) m -3. Thermal conductivity measured for the undoped Mg2Sn0.9Ge0.1 sample is 2.78 W/mK. The maximum figure of merits estimated for the n- and p-type samples were 4.13 x 10**(-4) and 2.62 x 10**(-3) K -1, respectively. The value for the n-type sample is comparable to that of current material of the Bi-Te-Sb system. The results indicate that Mg2Sn1-xGex solid solution could be expected as the new thermoelectric material. Japanese 第６回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９３＞　論文集 The 6th FGM Symposium 19 1993-10-15 145-150 B4CをドープしたSiCの熱電特性 Thermoelectric property of B4C doped SiC 岡本庸一1)、有賀敦1)、塩井恒介2)、守本純1)、藤本司郎1)、宮川浹1)1)防衛大学校　材料物性工学、2)昭和電工(株)　塩尻研究所 Y. Okamoto1), A. Aruga1), K. Shioi2), J. Morimoto1), T. Miyakawa1), S. Fujimoto1) 1)National Defense Academy Dept. of MSE, Yokosuka-city, Kanagawa Pref. 239 Japan 2)SHOWA DENKO CO. LTD., Shiojiri Lab., Shiojiri-city, Nagano Pref. 399-64, Japan We report on the thermoelectric properties of p-type SiC/B4C system for thermoelectric devices. Measurements of electrical resistivity, thermoelectric power, thermal conductivity, Hall coefficient and X-ray crystallography were made on SiC as a function of B4C doping concentration over the range 0.2%-20wt.% and sintering temperature. P-type (hole) conductivity shows its maximum at B4C concentration of 2-4% and depends on sintering temperature strongly. While the thermal conductivity monotonously decreases with B4C concentration, the maximum value of thermoelectric power stays around 0.2mV/K. We conclude that the SiC/B4C system with few tens % of B4C is a promising candidate for thermoelectric applications. Japanese 第６回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９３＞　論文集 The 6th FGM Symposium 19 1993-10-15 151-156 新プロセスによる構造制御技術に関する研究一プラズマ・イオンプロセス技術一 Studies on Micro-Structurally Controlled Thermoelectric Materials using Plasma Processing 松原覚衛1)、小柳剛1)、岸本堅剛1)、長尾圭吾2)、藤井一宏2)1)山口大学工学部、2)宇部興産（株）　無機材料研究所 K.Matsubara1), T.Koyanagi1), K.Kishimoto1), K.Nagao2), I.Fujii2) 1) Faculty of Engineering, Yamaguchi University, Ube 755, Japan 2) Inorganic Materials Research Lab., Ube Industries, LTD., Ube 755, Japan An rf-plasma processing of FeSi2-micrograins in SiH4, GeH4 has been studied to improve thermoelectric figure of merit values of the ceramics. Micro-crystals of ark-melted FeSi2 alloys (to 1 micro mter in average size) were treated in an rf-plasma, followed by sintering at 1170deg.C for 4 hr in vacuum and annealing at 830deg.C for 50 hr in air. Electronic structure of composite-ceramics using Si/beta-FeSi2 micro-grains has been studied by photoelectron spectroscopy ( UPS ), and compared with previously published theoretical calculation. This result suggests that a coating of Si on beta-FeSi2 micrograins serves largely to increase carrier mobilities (micro e, micro h). Measurements of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) have been also made, and it is found that structural defects at grain boundaries in beta-FeSi2 ceramics act as deep trapping centers, and the densities reduce by SiH4-plasma treatment. This results in a significant increase of thermoelectric figure of merit values. Japanese 第６回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９３＞　論文集 The 6th FGM Symposium 19 1993-10-15 157-162 MnとAlを添加した高出力p型FeSi2熱電材料 High Power Thermoelectric Material of p-type FeSi2 doped with Mn and Al 鴇田滋樹1)、岡林真1)、天野隆1)、西田勲夫2)1)(株)イムラ材料開発研究所、2)金属材料技術研究所 S.Tokita1), M.Okabayashi1), T.Amano1), I.A.Nishida2) l)IMRA MATERIAL R&D CO.LTD., Kariya-city, Aichi Pref. 448, Japan 2)National Research Institute for Metals, Megro-ku Tokyo 153, Japan The Fe1-xMnxSi2-yAly hot-pressed specimens in the ranges 0<=x<=0.12 and 0<=y<=0.08 were prepared to obtain the p-type thermoelectric material having low effective mean resistivity reff and high effective maximum power Peff comparing FeSi2 doped with Mn and Al. Thermoelectromotive force E0 and the reff were measured by ordinary d.c. method in the temperature range from 300K to 1123K, and the Peff derived from E02/(4reff). The E0 increases decreasing y, and the reff decreases with increasing x and y at the temperature differencedelta T=800K. It was found that the specimen with both compositions of x=0.065 and y=0.06 showed the highest Peff, and its value was 142Wm/m2. In addition, it was found that the Fe1-xMnxSi2-yAly having a large Peff can be obtained by means of the ceramic technique for mass-production, since the sintering behavior of these materials were improved with increasing both contents Mn and Al to FeSi2. Japanese 第６回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９３＞　論文集 The 6th FGM Symposium 19 1993-10-15 163-168 β-FeSi2とSiの複合構造を持つ熱電材料 Thermoelectric Film with Composite Structure of beta-FeSi2 and Si 天野隆1)、鴇田滋樹1)、岡林真1)、西田勲夫2)1）（株）イムラ材料開発研究所、2)金属材料技術研究所 T.Amano1), S.Tokita1), M.Okabayashi1), I.A.Nishida2) 1)IMRA MATERIAL R&D CO.LTD., Kariya 448 , Japan 2)National Research Institute for Metals, Tokyo 153, Japan Fe-Si films doped with Co and/or P were prepared by the multitarget-sputtering method in the Si composition range from 23 to 95 at%. Phases in the films were identified by X-ray analysis. Thermoelectromotive force E0 and effective mean resisitivity reff were measured by the conventional d. c. method. The composite structure of semiconducting beta-FeSi2 and Si phases was observed in the films having atomic ratios y of Si/Fe>3.1 and y>2.3 for FeSiyCo0.02 and FeSiyPx systems, respectively. From the relationships among the thermoelectric properties, components of the phases and impurities, it was found that the thermoelectric properties of the films were improved by dissolving Co and P in the beta-FeSi2 and Si phases, respectively. The highest value of the effective maximum power Weff=E02/(4reff) at the temperature difference of (delta)T=800K was found to be 120 Wm/m2 for the composite films of beta-FeSi2 and Si phases with FeSi14.4P0.28 and FeSi4.9Co0.07P0.10, respectively. Japanese 第６回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９３＞　論文集 The 6th FGM Symposium 19 1993-10-15 169-174 Al添加FeSi2の電子伝導機構 Electron Conduction Mechanism of Iron Disilicides Doped with Aluminium 篠原嘉一1)、今井義雄1)、塩田一路2)、岡本昌明1)、西田勲夫1)1)金属材料技術研究所、2)工学院大学 Y.Shinohara1), Y.Imai1), I:Shiota2), M.Okamoto1), I.A.Nishida1) 1) National Research Institute for Metals, STA, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153, Japan 2) Kogakuin University, Hachioji-city, Tokyo 192, Japan The phase analysis was carried out for the system (1-y)FeSi2+yFeAl2 in the range 0<=y<=0.20 by X-ray technique. The solid solution FeSi2-yAly was identified in the composition range 0<=y<=0.12. Resistivity rho and Hall coefficient were measured as a function of temperature in the range from 80 to 1100K. The measurement of thermal conductivity was also carried out by comparative method at room temperature TRT. The pure FeSi2 was p-type semiconductor with a hole concentration np of 1.70 x 10**23/m3 at TRT. The rho was independent of y in the range 0<=y<=0.02 and rapidly decreased above y=0.03. Below y=0.03, the hole mobility /micro p indicated the relationship of exp[-Eh/(kT)] in the temperature range from 200 to 400K, where Eh is the hopping energy. The Eh was determined to be 0.110eV from the hopping mobility micro pol=micro 0 exp[-Eh/(kT)]. In the region 0.04<=y<=0.12, it was shown that the change in micro p have relationships of T -3/2 and T 3/2 above and below 220K, respectively, and the band conduction was predominant. The maximum figure of merit was found to be 9.6 x 10**(-5)/K for y=0.08. Japanese 第６回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９３＞　論文集 The 6th FGM Symposium 19 1993-10-15 175-179 低次元構造における希土類付活酸化物の発光特性 Emission Properties of Rare Earth doped Oxides with Low-dimensional Structure 遠藤忠1)、滝沢博胤2)、島田昌彦2)1)東北大・工、2)東北大・素材研 T. Endo1), H. Takizawa2), M. Shimada2) 1) Dept. of Mol. Chem. and Engrg., Fac. of Engrg., Tohoku University Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai City, Miyagi 980, JAPAN 2) Inst. for Adv. Mater. Processing, Tohoku University Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai Cit, Miyagi 980, JAPAN Concentrated rare earth tellurate was considered to be a good candidate as slab-type laser material, which was allowed to have the privileges of gradient refractive index. Novel rare earth tellurate, R2Te4O19 (R=rare earth) could be synthesized at 650-1000deg.C in air. The crystal structure can be described as the alternated two-dimensional subnetworks of (R3+2O10)infinity and (Te8O21)infinity along the b axis, in which R3+ ions occupy only one crystallographic site. In the solid solution series (Y1-xRx)2Te4O11, most of the R3+ emissions were occasionally affected by the energy transfer between the R3+ ions, arising from a conventional cross-relaxation process as the R3+ concentration increases. An increase in the R3+ ion concentration was taken place such a quenching phenomenon in luminescence. However, the luminescence profiles of Eu3+ -, Tb3+ -and Er3+ -activated Y2Te4O11 obviously responded to the low-dimensional energy migration of luminescent ions, even at higher concentrations of R3+. The luminescence profile of (Y1-xRx)2Te4O11 was discussed to provide an understanding of the energy migration in the concentrated R3+ tellurates. Japanese 第６回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９３＞　論文集 The 6th FGM Symposium 19 1993-10-15 181-186 高温放射率計測装置について Emisslvity Measurement System of High Temperature Materials ○石田清道1)、松崎貴至1)、渡辺泰夫1)、芳仲敏成2)、濱村修3)1)航技研、2)宇宙開発事業団、3)（株）エイ・イー・エス K. Ishida1), T. Matuzaki1), Y. Watanabe1), T. Yoshinaka2), O. Hamamura3) 1)National Aerospace Laboratory, Chofu-city, Tokyo 182, Japan 2)National Space Development Agency of Japan, Tukuba-city, Ibaragi Pref. 305, Japan 3)Advanced Engineering Services, CO.LTD., Tukuba-clty, Ibaragi Pref 305, Japa Emissivity is one of the most important parameters necessary for the evaluation of high temperature behavior of refractory materials used in aerospace applications. An emissiometer capable of determining this factor up to the highest temperature of 2,500deg.C has been introduced to enable the development and testing of TPS materials to be carried out more effectively. Preliminary experiments were conducted using circular plate specimens made of graphite and carbon-carbon materials. The validity of these measurements has been confirmed by the consistency of the results with the data supplied by the manufacturer (Thermogage Co. ). An outline of the apparatus and measurement principle is explained and some results obtained with graphite and carbon-carbon specimens are reported. Japanese 第６回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９３＞　論文集 The 6th FGM Symposium 19 1993-10-15 187-192 新型複合素子を使用した熱電発電用サブユニット A compact subunit of thermoelectric generator using new composite elements 丹治雍典　1）、中川康昭　2）、金子武次朗　３）、井門　秀秋　4）、久保木實　４）、古後正徳 1)　、増本健　３）、佐藤利三郎　４）１）（株）トーキン材料開発研究所、２）東北工業大学工学部　（元東北大金属材料研究所）3)東北大金属材料研究所、4)東北学院大工学部 Y. Tanji,(1) Y. Nakagawa ,(2) ,T. Kaneko (3) H . Ido, (4) H.　Kuboki (4) ,M. Kogo (1) T. Masumoto (3) (4) , R. Sato 1) R & D Division,　Tokin Corporation, Sendai,　982, Japan.2) Faculty of Engineering, Tohoku Institute of Technology,Sendai,982,Japan. 3) Institute of Materials Science,　Tohoku University, Sendai, 980, Japan.4) Faculty of Engineering. Tohoku Gakuin University, Tagajyo, 985, Japan. A compact subunit of thermoelectric generator is designed using new thermoelectric composite elements, which are composed of single crystals of (Bi,Sb)2 (Te,Se)3 contained in a ceramic disk with many honeycomb cells. The subunit is characterized by having few lead wires and soldering parts. If a thermoelectric generator is constructed using 100 numbers of subunits and the temperature difference between the both ends of each composite element is 37deg.C, the generated power may amount to 1.39 kW under the condition that the contact resistance can be sufficiently reduced in the subunits. Japanese 第６回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９３＞　論文集 The 6th FGM Symposium 19 1993-10-15 193-195 放電プラズマ焼結法による一体化焼結SiGe熱電素子 Co-sintered SiGe Thermoelectric Elements by Spark Plasma Sintering 持丸敏昭、高橋一寿、増田忠、池野卓人、東口安宏、野口照夫真空冶金株式会社 T. Mochimaru, K. Takahasi, T. Masuda, T. Ikeno, Y. Higashiguchi, T . NoguchiVacuum Metallurgical Co. Ltd. Sanbu-cho, Sanbu-gun, Chiba Pref. 289-12, Japan The manufacturing process of a U-shaped co-sintered Si-Ge thermoelectric device has been established by using a spark plasma sintering. A hot temperature electrode of the device is consisting of a p-n junction formed by direct co-sintering which enables to dispense with a subsequent process to make the p-n junction. The thermoelectric characteristics of the device are farely competitive with that made by hot pressing processes. The figure of merit of the device is approximately 4x10**(-4)/K at 600 deg.C, and the maximum power generated in a condition of temperature differences of 710deg.C is 0.34 W resulting in a specific powder per a unit mass of 30 W/kg. The device has mechanical strengths as strong as endurable for practical usages. Japanese 第６回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９３＞　論文集 The 6th FGM Symposium 19 1993-10-15 199-204 SiGe熱発電モジュールの構造及びその発電特性 Structure and Power Generation Properties of Si-Ge Thermoelectric Modules ○持丸敏昭、高橋一寿、増田忠、池野卓人、東口安宏、野口照夫真空冶金株式会社 T. Mochimaru, K.Takahashi, T.Masuda, T.Ikeno, Y.Higashiguchi, T. NoguchiVacuum Metallurgical Co. Ltd. Sanbu-cho, Sanbu-gun, Chiba Pref. 289-12, Japan A thermoelectric power generation module was assembled using 40 U-shaped Si-Ge elements manufactured by the p-n co-sintering process. An internal electric resistance of the module is 2.8 Ohms at room temperatures. An electric pewer the module generated in a 2 Ohms load was 8 Watts when the temperature differences between the hot and the cold ends were 520deg.C. The power density for the above result was 440 W/m2, and a specific power per unit mass was 18 W/kg. It was found that the forced cooling of the colds ends was effective to enhance the power generation, and that the module was stable against 800 thermal cycles between 300deg.C and 760deg.C. Japanese 第６回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９３＞　論文集 The 6th FGM Symposium 19 1993-10-15 205-210 乗用車用熱発電器の研究 THE DEBELOPMENT OF THERMOELECTRIC GENERATOR FOR RASSENGER CAR 高野瀬叡一郎、玉腰浩シロキ工業株式会社 Eiichiro Takanose Hiroshi Tamakoshi SHROKI CORPORATION This research has been made for the purpose to develop thermoelectric generator for vehicle (hereafter TEG) which utilized heat energy of exhaust gas. Effective method to conduct exhaust heat to TEG was researched and generating power was measured using 2000 cc ordinary passenger car under various driving conditions. As the result, newly developed diffuser made possible to get the output of 10-20w(40-60km/h, flat road) and 100-130w (60-65km/h, uphill road) from exhaust gas energy. While these are not practical level of actual use, we are looking at a possibility to increase the performance by improving heat conduction to TEG (ex. improvement of diffuser and installation of heat pick up fin) and by developing new TEG for vehicle use purpose. We believe and expect that TEG is one of the measures to utilize natural resources. Japanese 第６回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９３＞　論文集 The 6th FGM Symposium 19 1993-10-15 211-216 WOx材料の熱電子発電素子コレクタ電極への適用可能性 Study on Tungusten Oxide Material for Thermionic Energy Converter Collector 福田隆三、春日康弘、林和俊、加藤健、清水定明電子技術総合研究所 R. Fukuda, Y. Kasuga, K. Hayashi, K. Katoh, S. Shimizu Electrotechnical Laboratory, Tukuba-city, Ibaraki,305 JAPAN In order to improve efficiency of a thermionic energy converter, it is important to develop collector electrode materials with low work function of 1.0eV. An apparatus of work function measurement was developed to study thermionic emission of collector materials immersed in cesium vapor. The principle of the apparatus is based on "the Marchuk tube method", in other words "plasma immersion method". The apparatus can operate under conditions of cesium pressure 1.33x10**0-1.33x10**2Pa, and electrode temperature 573-973K. In preliminary experiment, cesium plasma generated in the apparatus was stable up to the main discharge current of 30A. Tungsten oxide (WOx, mainly WO3) test electrode was fabricated on a 3.95phi mm disk of tungsten single crystal W(110) by vaporizing tungsten oxide in vacuum chamber. Tungsten oxide was formed beforehand by oxidizing tungsten sheet in air at temperature of 873K for 1hr. The photograph of the WOx electrode by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) shows that the thickness of WOx layer is about 1micro meter the morphology is structure of 10phi nm needle-like assembly. Japanese 第６回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９３＞　論文集 The 6th FGM Symposium 19 1993-10-15 217-221 月面エネルギー基地構想 Concept of Lunar Energy Park 新野正之、木皿且人、陳立東航技研 Masayuki Niino, Katsuto Kisara, Lidong Chen Kakuda Research Center, National Aerospace Laboratory This paper presents a new concept of energy supply system named Lunar Energy Park (LEP) as one of the next-generation clean energy source. In this concept, electricity is generated by nuclear power plants built on the moon and then transmitted to receiving stations on the earth by laser beam through transporting systems situated on Geostationary Orbit. The lunar nuclear power plants use a high-efficiency composite energy conversion system consisting of thermionic and thermoelectric generators to change nuclear thermal energy into electricity directly. The nuclear resources are considered to be available from the moon and the nuclear fuel transport from earth to moon is not necessary. Because the direct energy conversion systems are employed, the lunar nuclear plants can be operated and controlled by robots and are maintenance-free, and so will give no pollution to human. The key technologies for LEP include improvements of conversion efficiency of both thermionic and thermoelectric converters, and developments of laser-beam power transmission technology as well. In this paper, the details, including the construction of lunar nuclear plants, energy conversion and energy transmission systems, and the research plan strategies on this concept as well are reviewed. Japanese 第６回　傾斜機能材料シンポジウム　＜ＦＧＭ’９３＞　論文集 The 6th FGM Symposium 19 1993-10-15 223-230 FGMプロジェクト・パ一トIIの全体計画 Research Plan and Strategy of FGM II National Project 新野正之1)、小泉光恵2)1)航技研・角田支所、2)龍谷大・理工学部 Masayuki Niino1) , Mitue Koizumi2) 1)National Aerospace Laboratory, Kakuda Research Center Kakuda City, Miyagi 981-15, Japan 2) Ryukoku University, Ootu City, Siga 520-21, Japan This paper outlines the research plans of the national project titled, "Development of Energy Conversion Materials through formation of Gradient Structures", with the special coordination funds for promoting science and technology from the Science and Technology Agency of Japan. This Program contains efforts on improvements of energy conversion efficiency; including, heat source and/or heat collector, thermoelectric and thermionic converter, radiator as well as the system design technology. The final goal was set at developing a high-efficiency thermoelectric/thermionic hybrid direct energy conversion system (HYDECS). In order to promote the program efficiently, an organization was structured of five technical groups: Material design, Thermoelectric conversion, Thermionic conversion, Elements & processing as well as characteristics evaluation group. Japanese