# Fileset

[OlegVasylkiv_cover_letter.doc](https://mdr.nims.go.jp/filesets/10913ff8-9f6e-4ba6-a0c3-7e2206206e16/download)

## Creator

Zaulychnyy Ya V, Solonin Yu M, Foya O O, Khyzhun O Yu, [VASYLKIV Oleg](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5041-6130)

## Rights

[Creative Commons BY-ND Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/)

## Other metadata

[Energy redistribution of the valence electrons due to nanodispersion of materials and its evidence as determined by the ultrasoft X-ray emission spectra](https://mdr.nims.go.jp/datasets/e42d9c0e-e191-4c0b-985b-7a8c6085e5d2)

## Fulltext

Dear MrDear Mr. Editor-in-chief,we would like to submit our manuscript entitled “Energy redistribution of the valence electrons due to nanodispersion of materials and its reflection in the ultrasoft X-ray emission spectra”To whom correspondence should be addressed:Dr. Oleg VASYLKIVInternational Center for Young ScientistsNational Institute for Materials Science1-1, Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japane-mail: oleg.vasylkiv@nims.go.jpPhone: +81- (0)29-851-3354-(ext) 8820FAX: +81- (0)29-860-4706Nanomaterials are known to be one of the most important directions in modern materials science. However, the main problem of wide practical application of the nanosystems is metastability of the nanocrystalline state determined by the energy state and interatomic interaction of the surface and nearsurface atoms. Therefore, a study of the energy distribution of the valence electrons directly involved in interatomic interactions in nanoparticles is of current importance. Because the number of atoms in nanoparticles with sizes of 10-100 nm is several times greater than in clusters with several hundreds of atoms the theoretical calculations employing cluster methods do not reflect the electronic structure of the nanoparticles adequately. Admixtures chemisorbed on the surface of the nanoparticles make great contributions to the parameters of the interactions of surface atoms when investigating the energy distribution of the valence electrons of nanoparticles by means of optical and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy methods. Recrystallization and agglomeration of nanoparticles prevent purification of their surface by heating-up. Ion etching essentially breaks the nanoparticle morphology and removes a substantial part of them from the substrates. The adhesive contact of discontinuous thin films with the substrates affects their electronic structure. Therefore, it is necessary to study the energy distribution of the valence electrons of nanoparticles in the absence of chemical and adhesive interactions and at sufficiently low temperatures. It is possible using the mechanical adhesion of nanoparticles on cooled substrates and employing excitation of the spectra reflecting the energy distribution of the valence electrons by the electron beam that purifies the nanoparticle surfaces from chemisorbed admixtures and does not heat the nanoparticles up.The X-ray ultrasoft emission spectroscopy method satisfies all these conditions under the excitation of radiation by electrons with energies of 2.0 to 9.0 keV. Under such conditions, the depth of photon emission giving the main contribution to the spectra intensity does not exceed 10 atomic layers in the nanoparticles. The X-ray emission bands reflect the partial density of electronic states of different symmetries of all kinds of atoms of the compound under investigation. The aim of the present paper was to sdudy changes of energy distributions of the valence electrons when going from coarse to nano-size materials. The study gives a possibility to evaluate a nature of origin of new physical and chemical properties of nanomaterials.  List of graphics the author would like published in color:Fig. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5.We will look for your decision.Sincerely yours,Yaroslav Zaulychny, Yuriy Solonin, Oleksandr Foya, Oleg Khyzhun and Oleg Vasylkiv