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Pushpendra Singh, Jhimli Sarkar, Parama Dey, Sounak Sarkar, Anindya Pattanaya, Sudipa Nag, Sudeshna Pramanik, Pathik Sahoo, Komal Saxena, Soami Daya Krishnanda, Tanusree Dutta, Subrata Ghosh, [Anirban Bandyopadhyay](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8823-4914)

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[Inventing the Potential of a High-Frequency EEG, Namely Dodecanogram (DDG): Human Subjects’ Study](https://mdr.nims.go.jp/datasets/7898a182-6a9f-40ac-ad7a-29ddc294160c)

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1213Inventing the Potential of a High-Frequency EEG, namely Dodecanogram (DDG): Human Subjects StudyPushpendra Singh1, Jhimli Sarkar1,2, Parama Dey1,3, Sounak Sarkar4, Anindya Pattanaya4, Sudipa Nag4, Sudeshna Pramanik5, Pathik Sahoo1, Komal Saxena 1,6, Soami Daya Krishnanda6, Tanusree Dutta4, Subrata Ghosh7,8, and Anirban Bandyopadhyay11International Center for Materials and Nanoarchitectronics (MANA), Research Center for Advanced Measurement and Characterization (RCAMC), NIMS, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki-3050047, Japan.2Department Electronics and Electrical Communication Engineering, IIT Kharagpur, 721302 West Bengal, India.3Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Centre for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India4Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management, Indian Institute of Management, Ranchi, India-834008.5Amity School of Applied Science, Amity University Rajasthan, Kant Kalwar, NH-11C, Jaipur Delhi Highway, Jaipur, Rajasthan 303007, India.6 Microwave Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics and Computer Science, Dayalbag Educational Institute, Agra, Uttar Pradesh 282005, India.7Chemical Science and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, NEIST, Jorhat, 785006 Assam, India.8Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, UP 201002, India..Abstract. The conventional EEG machine measures brain signal frequencies between 1Hz and 300Hz on the scalp. By utilizing Fourier transform (FFT), it generates a 2D frequency profile. Our innovative EEG, known as Dodecanogram (DDG), operates in two modes. In the first mode, it detects a wide range of frequencies from 6THz to 1 milliHz, creating a brain scan based on resonance. In the second mode, it uses picosecond pulses to capture potential surges, measuring their duration, intensity, and phase variation, revealing brain activity patterns. Both modes work simultaneously in the DDG device. To minimize environmental interference, we use interconnected DDG devices on eight human brains. The detected results from DDG show that DDG is a fundamental technology for understanding various mental states. Potential applications include neuro-disease diagnosis and exploring treatments involving electrical and electromagnetic pulses.Keywords: EEG, High frequency signal, Human brain interface, Dodecanogram (DDG).IntroductionDespite In neuroscience and brain research, EEG has been vital for studying brain activity and cognition [1, 2]. However, as brain functions become more complex and the need for higher-resolution measurements grows [3, 4], there is a demand for an advanced EEG that can operate at higher frequencies than traditional EEG. EEG has provided valuable insights into brain rhythms and neuronal activity by recording scalp electrical signals [5, 6]. It has aided in diagnosing neurological disorders, studying sleep, and investigating brain responses to stimuli [7, 8]. Yet, its limitation lies in its narrow frequency range, usually between a few hertz and around 100 hertz, which hinders its ability to capture faster brain activities [9, 10].EEG, discovered in 1875 century, revolutionized brain research and neural activity study [11]. Yet, examining its data analysis reveals weaknesses, prompting a need for change. Let's explore eight key limitations in the current EEG analysis and argue for essential evolution.· Limited Frequency Range: EEG measures potential changes in milliseconds and averages data over microseconds, limiting signals to below 300 Hz [12]. This restricts the study of ultrafast brain activities crucial for complex cognitive processes.· Artifact Deletion Ambiguity: During EEG analysis, indiscriminate removal of artifact-induced potential changes can result in the loss of genuine cognitive events, making it hard to distinguish true brain activity from noise [13, 14].· Baseline Correction Issues: Baseline correction relies on user profiles, creating inconsistency and making data incomparable across individuals, compromising the validity of EEG findings [15].· Flawed Epoching Process: EEG data segmentation is often done in a non-biologically relevant manner, missing critical neural responses occurring between epochs [16, 17].· AI-Induced Noise Averaging: AI-based averaging of data across trials can blend unique EEG features and noise patterns from individual subjects, potentially compromising the authenticity of neural responses.· Blurring Cognitive Patterns: Averaging data from multiple people for event-related potentials (ERPs) blurs individual differences in cognitive responses, making it hard to find consistent cognitive patterns crucial for understanding the human brain.· Artificial Brain Data: Manipulating EEG data from widely separated probes to create "real brain data" sacrifices the biological relevance of the information, making it difficult to gain meaningful insights into actual brain dynamics.· Missing Ultrafast Brain Activity: Traditional EEG mainly captures brain events in milliseconds, ignoring critical neural events that happen in microseconds and nanoseconds (Fig.1). These ultrafast events significantly impact brain processes but are overlooked by current EEG techniques.Our understanding of brain functions calls for an exploration of higher-frequency brain activity, where intricate cognitive processes and dynamic neural interactions occur [18, 19]. This has led researchers to delve into the realm of ultrafast brain activity, where higher-frequency brain oscillations and time-sensitive dynamics significantly influence our thoughts, emotions, and perceptions [20, 21]. To better understand complex brain dynamics, we must reconsider and improve EEG analysis methods. Embracing advanced technology and sophisticated approaches can help us explore the full range of brain activity, from milliseconds to ultrafast timescales, unlocking the mysteries of the human brain and enabling groundbreaking discoveries in neuroscience. To address these challenges and study ultrafast brain activity, the dodecanogram (DDG) device has been introduced. Unlike conventional EEG, DDG captures brain signals at frequencies well beyond traditional EEG ranges, operating in the terahertz range and beyond (Fig.1a). DDG offers a unique opportunity to investigate higher-frequency brain oscillations and gain deeper insights into cognitive processes previously inaccessible through traditional EEG methods. The emergence of DDG promises to revolutionize brain research, opening new possibilities for unraveling the mysteries of ultrafast brain activity and advancing our understanding of complex cognitive processes. Methods Construction of DDG DDG, similar to EEG but measuring alternating current (AC) signals via scalp antennas, uses a 34-electrode system to capture electromagnetic signals. Each electrode features a sharpened coaxial cable edge, resembling a 5mm trident antenna (Fig.1a, left). This design filters noise and enhances signal absorption, with the central antenna serving as a receiver and capturing 34 points with maximum radiation from the brain and body (mW/cm2 - μW/cm2). It's important to note that not all body parts emit high signals (>10 mW/cm2); most either absorb or remain neutral (~2-10 μW/cm2). Through extensive probing of 103 human subjects [22], we determined the average signal intensities in these 34 crucial locations (Fig. 2a), where human perceptions typically generate 5-10 mW/cm2 of radiation.Two critical aspects of DDG are synchronizing with the brain's internal clock and normalizing the alternating signal concerning the extensive electro-mechanical rhythms produced by the blood-vessel network. In DDG, normalization and clock synchronization are needed in two brain regions. Furthermore, we identified three pairs of regions, spanning from the top of the head to the back, where kHz, MHz, and GHz signals emit most intensely (Fig.1b, c).Fig.1. A. Here, we presented both a schematic and an actual DDG cap used in an experiment. We can see the antenna edge of the probes in the top right corner serving as sensitive receptors capable of detecting signals ranging from Hz to GHz emanating from the brain. B. This schematic of the human head illustrates how DDG captures vibrations of brain components across different frequency domains (ms, µs and ns) or different layers of brain. C. DDG effectively identifies transient bursts at an extremely fine time scale (picoseconds), revealing active regions that may have been previously undetected in EEG measurements.These regions, along with the frontal lobe consistently emitting triplet GHz, MHz, kHz radiations in all subjects we studied [22, 24],  led to the allocation of six DDG cap probes for this purpose. We developed specialized software for DDG, given our creation of a unique coaxial probe-based electrode system connected to a 34 channel logic analyzer system. Simultaneous monitoring of EEG and DDG regions is essential because the active locations for these two types of instruments differ significantly (Fig. 2A, B).DiscussionWhile electroencephalography (EEG) has provided valuable insights into brain activity, it grapples with limitations that impede the acquisition of precise data on cognitive processes. To tackle these problems, we are in the process of creating an innovative device known as the dodecanogram (DDG), a cutting-edge EEG technology engineered to overcome current restrictions and elevate brain research to a certain levels.· Precise Normalization for Living Systems: Conventional EEG often lacks appropriate normalization methods when investigating living systems [25, 26]. Unlike fields such as physics, where comparing measurements from similar hardware is standard practice, EEG lacks such normalization approaches. This can lead to data that doesn't accurately represent true brain responses. DDG aims to rectify this by integrating robust normalization techniques, ensuring standardized and precise cognitive measurements.Fig. 2. Placement of DDG Electrodes on Brain Regions and a Comparison with EEG Electrode Positions: A. Electrode locations for EEG and DDG are shown. The heart's strong blood pumping can be detected just above the front part of our ear (highlighted in blue). We use ear bones as a reference point to normalize all EEG data (highlighted in green). Blood flow through the brain causes vibrations and changes in clock speed at the top part of the brain (highlighted in red). In DDG, unlike EEG, we normalize using two heartbeats (blue, both pairs) and an additional clock. B. This table provides a functional map typically used in human brain. C. Generating 6D invariants over time: Grid displays logic network analyzer output frames with eight subjects (S1-S8) arranged in rows, each representing left brain (l) and right brain (r) activity in both positive and negative time directions. Time spans from seconds to nanoseconds, where pulses form 3d structures reflecting experimental invariants beyond the 6D spatio-temporal framework.· Unraveling Complex Brain Signals: Initially designed to study the direct current (DC) flow of signals within a specific time domain, the brain's activity. The brain's functions involve bursts of signals across different time EEG may overlook the intricacies of domains, each holding unique physiological significance. DDG is designed to discern and capture these complex brain signals, providing a more comprehensive insight into brain dynamics.· Exploring Electromagnetic Signals: Currently, limited research and technology exist for investigating electromagnetic signal exchanges between internal brain structures and the external environment [27, 28]. This uncharted territory adds noise to EEG data, complicating the differentiation of true cognitive responses from hardware-generated signals. DDG's design aims to uncover these exchanges, filtering noise and revealing vital cognitive insights.· Filtering Cognitive Noise: Traditional EEG data interpretation is challenging due to the presence of human emotions, biological drives, and other sources of noise. DDG employs an advanced artificial brain that closely mimics human brain materials and functions as a cognitive and emotional filter. This ensures cleaner EEG data, enabling deeper insights into authentic brain activity.· Limited Exploration of Electromagnetic Signal Exchange: EEG is not equipped to investigate the exchange of electromagnetic signals between internal brain structures and the external environment. Due to the scarcity of relevant research and technological tools, distinguishing real cognitive responses from EEG hardware-generated noise becomes challenging. This deficiency in differentiation impedes precise data interpretation and compromises the extraction of meaningful insights from brain activities.The DDG, a new brain measurement technology, extends EEG principles for profound insights. Equipped with DC probes and AC antenna arrays, it maps intricate surface current and potential profiles using ultrashort electrical pulses. Its logic analyzer circuit records potential or current variations across an extraordinary frequency range, spanning from 100 femtoseconds to 1000 seconds (6 THz to 1 mHz), capturing comprehensive brain activity dynamics. The DDG features a surface signal cap with strategically placed probes, each containing trident-shaped resonator antennas for accurate field sensing. These probes normalize readings from biological surfaces to create a 2D profile of absolute potential, current, and frequency, free from neighboring interference. By manipulating pulse characteristics, it improves time resolution and identifies persistent geometric invariants despite surface variations. Multiple antennas capture electromagnetic radiation using a spectrum analyzer, providing concurrent 2D potential and frequency distributions.The DDG's robust cap defends against external electromagnetic fields and ensures data accuracy across different environments. By offering unprecedented neuroscientific data visualization, the DDG has the potential to revolutionize our comprehension of brain function and more, with global implications. From deciphering brain dynamics to advancing material interaction insights, the DDG represents a transformative advance with huge potential. This helps us understand the brain better and improves our ability to detect and treat brain problems. Unlike other methods that focus on one part of the brain, are creating a new way of looking at it, moving beyond the idea that one part controls everything in our thinking and intelligence.3.1. Triplet-of-triplet electromagnetic radiation mapping from the whole human body using Dodecanogram, DDGElectromagnetic radiations undergo significant changes across three frequency domains (kHz, MHz, and GHz) corresponding to emotional and perceptual states. In Fig. 3A, we observe intertwined circles and lines representing these radiations from both the body and brain. Fig. 3B displays the radiation patterns for the kHz, MHz, and GHz frequency domains. We provide three pairs of images, comparing measurements when electrodes touch the brain or body part with measurements in non-contact mode. These comparisons reveal a clear triplet of triplet resonance bands across all three frequency ranges (Fig.3c). We have previously reported such bands in single protein molecules, isolated microtubule filaments, and hippocampus neurons [24]. While the origin of this triplet of triplet band is linked to natural resonant oscillations, possibly involving the phase prime metric, the observation of fractal topological symmetry in the resonance chain [23] now extends from single molecules to the entire brain-body system, irrespective of its origin.Fig. 3. This figure illustrates spontaneous triplet electromagnetic radiations from the brain-body system in synchronized human subjects: A. Spontaneous electromagnetic radiations are plotted on the human skull, spinal cord, and skeleton for over 200 subjects [22]. Green (10kHz -100kHz), blue (1MHz-60MHz), and red (1GHz-50GHz) represent different frequency ranges. B. Live measurements of kHz, MHz, and GHz signal emissions with and without head contact are displayed. C. The frequency spectrum in KHz, MHz and GHz reveal a clear triplet of triplet resonance bands.3.2. Human Subjects Study using DDG technology3.2.1. Two human subjects studyDDG reveals much more than EEG: The advanced capabilities of DDG technology stand out prominently when compared to EEG in a study involving two human subjects (Fig. 4A). While EEG displays patterns even when music is turned off, DDG mirrors the absence of music, revealing a closer relationship between auditory stimulation and its own activity. DDG's distinctive advantage becomes more apparent as it detects specific rhythms within the subjects' brains, a capacity that eludes EEG, emphasizing its limited ability to recognize intricate neural rhythms.Furthermore, DDG's unrivaled potential becomes evident as it systematically unravels invariants within the neural landscape, providing valuable insights that EEG fails to capture. This distinction extends to the spatial dimension, as EEG's active locations differ markedly from those identified by DDG. DDG's multifaceted approach is particularly noteworthy, as it not only detects but also filters multiple dynamic brain patterns, while EEG remains notably silent in this regard.Perhaps the most striking difference lies in DDG's ability to read both conscious and sub-conscious filters, offering a comprehensive view of neural activity. In contrast, EEG seems limited, primarily capturing skull vibrations. These findings underscore the transformative impact of DDG technology, which offers a richer and more nuanced understanding of neural dynamics compared to conventional EEG, opening up new avenues for exploring the intricacies of human brain function.3.2.2. Eight human subjects studyDDG does not exhibit any signs of a song-induced global synchrony. In our study, we looked at two devices, the DDG, and the EEG, to understand how they work with our brains. First, we found that the DDG doesn't react to music or create a global rhythm in our brains. It's like it's asleep when there's no music. On the other hand, the EEG keeps working and shows patterns even when there's no music playing. Next, we looked at different frequencies. In the KHz and MHz range, we didn't see any brain activity in either device. But when we went to the GHz range, something interesting happened. We saw a chart on our screens that changed its size, showing that the brain was working differently. Both the DDG and EEG left behind some effects after we stopped our tests. It's like they left traces of what they saw in our brains.The places in the brain that the EEG and DDG showed as active were not the same. The DDG was really good at finding and sorting out different brain activities, but the EEG wasn't as good at this. It couldn't search for these activities effectively. Lastly, the EEG seemed to capture our thoughts and feelings. It didn't let external information affect us much, which made our personal thoughts and knowledge stand out. So, in simple terms, the DDG and EEG have different strengths when it comes to understanding our brains, with the EEG protecting our personal thoughts and experiences.Fig. 4. Experimental Setup and Measurements. A. Two human subject study: a. Thermal image acquisition of a human subject conducted with a FLIR thermal camera. b. Background image of the human subject during the experiment. c. Resonance frequency spectrum analysis of the human subjects in the frequency range of 1 Hz to 50 kHz performed using an INSTEK GSP-730 Frequency Spectrum Analyzer. d. Emitted radiation measurements captured by the RF explorer (50 ohm) Handheld Spectrum Analyzer within the frequency range of 1 MHz to 700 MHz. e. Plotting of reflection coefficient, transmission coefficient, and impedance (Smith chart) using a Nano-VNA in the frequency range of 700 MHz to 4.5 GHz. f. Recording of brain activity (delta, theta, alpha and beta waves) in both human subjects using an Epic EEG system, brain computer interface technology. g. Generation of DDG plot recorded by LA5034 (Version 4.0.2.1) for a time scale of -5 ms to 5 ms for both human subjects using a 34-channel logic analyzer. B. DDG reveals smell sharpens global synchrony: 8subjetcs: We have performed the experiment on a group of eight human subjects and subsequently calculated various parameters and results, similar to those depicted in Panel A.DDG uncovers that the sense of smell heightens global synchrony (Fig. 4B). DDG technology has unveiled intriguing connections between scent perception and brain activity. One striking finding is the way GHz Smith charts oscillate and transform from their perfect spherical forms when exposed to certain odors. Furthermore, DDG pulses exhibit a remarkable sharpening effect, isolating themselves as a critical signature within an environment infused with fragrance. Remarkably, the brain maintains synchronization with musical stimuli, with each brain demonstrating rapid, distinct, and sharpest responses. EEG readings do not respond to either music or scent; instead, DDG reveals that the smell triggers sharp, fast sparks consistently originating from the scalp. These revelations highlight the complex interplay between sensory perception and neural activity, shedding light on our understanding of the brain's response to stimuli.DDG exposes that touch induces fluctuations in global synchrony. DDG has a captivating connection between tactile perception and global brain synchrony. Notably, the GHz Smith chart exhibits a rhythmic oscillation, periodically expanding and contracting within a predefined set of patterns when the sense of touch is engaged. Furthermore, DDG pulse patterns reveal an intriguing phenomenon: a grouping of peaks with separate, equal time intervals, forming larger packet units that underscore the complexity of our sensory experiences. Surprisingly, the brain still demonstrates synchronization with musical stimuli, with each brain displaying nested or fractal group features in its response to touch. EEG readings remain unresponsive to both music and touch. Thermal imaging adds another layer to this intricate puzzle, showing that holding hands seems to act as gates of energy transfer, providing further clues about the interconnectedness of our sensory and neural systems. These findings challenge our existing understanding of how touch influences brain activity and offer new perspectives on the fascinating world of sensory perception.DDG unveils that food disturbs global synchrony. DDG technology has now brought to light a previously overlooked aspect of sensory perception—how food consumption can disrupt global synchrony in our neural and physiological systems. In stark contrast to the synchronization observed between DDG and music, EEG readings fail to align with musical stimuli, but the introduction of food appears to negatively impact both measures. This disruption extends across various frequency ranges, from kHz to MHz and even into the GHz range, as well as in the thermal region, illustrating the profound influence of food on our neural responses.DDG's pulse patterns undergo a notable transformation in the presence of food. They become significantly wider, and a distinct density gradient of peaks emerges, indicating a substantial shift in neural dynamics. Interestingly, DDG's analysis of spatio-temporal dynamics for a musical composition reveals that food consumption can obscure and alter the inherent rhythms within a song, further emphasizing the intricate interplay between sensory input and neural processing. Furthermore, when eight individuals collectively partake in a meal, DDG observations often detect a curious phenomenon—a pronounced and simultaneous increase in neural activity resembling a short-circuit-like burst across a broad time band. These findings shed light on the intricate relationship between our dietary choices and the synchronization of our neural and physiological systems, emphasizing the multifaceted nature of sensory perception and its profound impact on our overall cognitive experience.DDG unveils global synchrony induced by music. Unlike EEG readings, which remain active even when music is turned off, DDG appears to mirror the presence of music. Moreover, DDG exhibits a unique ability to detect and discern specific rhythms within the brain, a capability that eludes EEG devices. While EEG focuses on active locations distinct from those identified by DDG, DDG's distinctive feature lies in its capacity to unravel invariants within the neural landscape. Furthermore, DDG distinguishes itself by capturing and filtering multiple dynamic patterns within the brain, a feat that EEG does not replicate. This approach extends to both conscious and sub-conscious filters, further setting DDG apart from EEG technology. These revelations showcase the remarkable potential of DDG in uncovering the intricate interplay between music and neural dynamics, offering new insights into how our brains respond to auditory stimuli and highlighting the limitations of traditional EEG readings in capturing this complex phenomenon.DDG unveils that visual dance induces global synchrony. The activation of specific brain regions akin to the responses evoked by a visual song, a reaction that EEG does not register in the slightest. DDG's unique capacity extends further as it detects and maintains a long-lasting, stable global synchrony across all eight individuals, even in the absence of actual music playing. Notably, DDG showcases its ability to lock the brains of all eight participants across various frequency ranges, including kHz, MHz, GHz, and thermal regions, showcasing a dominant synchronicity despite the absence of a real song. In stark contrast, EEG appears highly subject-specific, demonstrating no direct effect, even when the visual stimulus is removed. DDG's exceptional capability to lock onto long time ranges further highlights its significance in uncovering and exploring the complexities of neural synchronization beyond what traditional EEG technology can offer. These findings underscore the transformative potential of DDG, shedding light on the intricacies of brain activity in response to visual stimuli.EEG and DDG experiments reveal that DDG is a more sensitive tool than EEG for detecting global synchrony in the brain. Global synchrony is a dynamic process that can be influenced by a variety of stimuli, including music, smell, touch, food, and visual dance. Global synchrony may be a way for the brain to coordinate the processing of different types of sensory information.Conclusion The Dodecanogram (DDG) represents a innovative advance in EEG technology. While traditional EEGs have a limited frequency range, DDG operates in two concurrent modes, detecting an extensive frequency spectrum from 6THz to 1 milliHz and capturing picosecond-level brain activity surges. Our meticulous replication of the human brain's structure ensures reliability. We employ the interconnected DDG devices, on the 8 human subjects, facilitating direct comparisons and minimizing environmental interference. The EEG and DDG experiments reveal that DDG is a more sensitive tool than EEG for detecting global synchrony in the brain. DDG's potential applications span from neuro-disease diagnosis to novel treatments involving electrical and electromagnetic pulses, making it a fundamental technology for comprehending diverse mental states.Acknowledgements: The authors acknowledge the Asian Office of Aerospace R&D (AOARD), a part of the United States Air Force (USAF), for Grant no. 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