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National Institute for Materials Science

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[Physics and Chemistry of Functionally Graded Materials 　Research Report 1997　Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on PriorityArea, No. 274 　The Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture of Japan (pp.1-140)](https://mdr.nims.go.jp/datasets/c90497f6-f65b-4f6d-97bf-965601883de1)

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Sheet1 BookTitle_j BookTitle_e Volume/Issue Issueddate Page Title_j Title_e AuthorList_j AuthorList_e Abstract Language Physics and Chemistry of Functionally Graded Materials Research Report 1997Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on PriorityArea, No. 274 The Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture of Japan  Physics and Chemistry of Functionally Graded Materials Research Report 1997Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Area, No. 274  4 1998-03-01 1-4 放電プラズマシステムによる傾斜機能材料の合成　－高熱伝導性ポリイミド（AlN)/Cu傾斜機能材料 -- Fabrication of Functionally Graded Materials by Spark Plasma System -Thermal Conductive Polyimide(AlN)/Cu FGMs- 大森守、大久保昭、平井敏雄東北大学　金属材料研究所　980-7785 仙台市青葉区片平2- 1-1  Mamoru Omori, Akira Okubo and Toshio HiraiInstitute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-7785, Japan  Microelectronic packaging requires high thermal conductivity. AlN ceramics is a high performance material with high thermal conductivity. Ceramics needs high temperatures for sintering, and the cost of shaping hard, brittle things is high. Polymers are commonly used in electronic packaging, because of their high electric resistivity, low dielectric constant and ease of processing. Polyimides have been used as insulation film for electrical and electronic applications, because of their thermal stability and toughness. However, the thermal conductivity of polyimides is low. Thermoplastic polyimide, SiC, and AlN have been mixed using a slurry of the dissolved polyimide, and then hot-pressed at 11.5 MPa. The filler content of the composite is 50 vol%, and its thermal conductivity is not high.      This paper is concerned with the formation of thermal conductive insulation consisting of polyimide composites and functionally graded materials (FGMs). FGM is prepared from a combination of thermosetting polyimide and Cu powder. The thermal conductivity of the FGM is about 6 W/m*K, insufficient for use in electronics. This low thermal conductivity is due to the polyimide layer. It is difficult to change a polymer structure from a thermal conductive one into a high one. Composites were prepared from AlN and thermoplastic polyimide powders using a spark plasma system. Furthermore, FGMs were fabricated from the composites and Cu powder to increase thermal conductivity. English Physics and Chemistry of Functionally Graded Materials Research Report 1997Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on PriorityArea, No. 274 The Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture of Japan  Physics and Chemistry of Functionally Graded Materials Research Report 1997Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Area, No. 274  4 1998-03-01 5-8 傾斜機能材料の知的機能発現のための粒子配列プロセス設計－単分散粒子の作製と制御配列－ Design Of Intelligent Particle Configuration Process for Functionally Graded Materials -Preparation and Controlled Arrangement of Monodisperse Particles- 渡辺龍三　市来浩一　（院）葉山知徳　（学生）川崎亮東北大学　大学院工学研究科　材料加工学科　980-77 仙台市青葉区荒巻字　 R. Watanabe, K. Ichiki, T. Hayama, and A. KawasakiDept. Materials Processing, Graduate School of Eng., Tohoku Univ. Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-77, Japan  Powder metallurgical process has been widely used for the fabrication of functionally graded materials, in which the designed composition profile for the effective development of the aimed performance with respect to thermal and mechanical properties. Admitting its viability for tailoring various graded structures and shape forming freedom for the practical parts fabrication, the minimum size of the microstructural control is limited to several hundreds or thousands of primary particle diameter and the formed microstructure is generally random in a micro scale, which restricts purely artificial control of the materials functions. To overcome this difficulty we have proposed a particle configuration process in which individual single particles will be positioned at the allotted sites according to the theoretical design.      The main purpose of this investigation is to establish particle arrangement technique in two and three dimensions and to construct three dimensionally composition-graded compacts. This process will provide a determinate control of the concentration gradient, as well as phase dispersion and connectivity in FGMs. The following four task items have been carried out: [1] Preparation of monodisperse particles for controlled particle arrangement. [2] Development of the construction technique of particle arrays of two and three dimension. [3] Sintering of the particle arrays with particular interest in sintering neck formation and the phase reaction at the neck regions. [4] Property evaluation of the sintered particle arrays. As to the last item the thermal and electrical properties have been discussed on the basis of percolation theory. English Physics and Chemistry of Functionally Graded Materials Research Report 1997Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on PriorityArea, No. 274 The Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture of Japan  Physics and Chemistry of Functionally Graded Materials Research Report 1997Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Area, No. 274  4 1998-03-01 9-12 MA複合粉末のプラズマ溶射による傾斜機能熱電皮膜の作製 Fabrication of Functionally Graded Thermoelectric Coatings by Plasma Spraying of Mechanically-alloyed Composite Powders 福本昌宏　時本雄次　三河克明　田中康徳豊橋技術科学大学　生産システム工学系　441-8580 愛知県豊橋市天伯町1-1 M. Fukumoto, Y. Tokimoto, H. Mikawa and Y. TanakaDepartment of Production Systems Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1 - 1, Tempaku-cho, Toyohashi, Aichi 441-8580 Japan  The usual fabrication methods of thermoelectric conversion materials (TEC) are successfully applied in laminating or joining of several elements, as a single element is limited in its generation power. Moreover, functionally graded structure of several TEC is regarded as the most effective conversion system. In many configurations of TEC, thick coating may be advantageous in laminating or joining. Therefore, thermal spraying is worthy of remark among several processings as the thick coatings of hard -forming materials can be easily made by this process. However, a conventional method, simultaneous spraying of blended elemental metals followed by post heat treatment, is hard to apply because a strict control of elemental composition by delicate heat treatment is required to get the high performance TEC.      In this study, homogeneously mixed metal/metal composite powders, which were made by mechanical alloying (MA), were applied to plasma spraying in order to obtain the intermetallic TEC coatings, and the processing for getting the functionally graded TEC coatings was fundamentally investigated. The great merit of MA process is the possibility of controlling the additional dopant fraction and creating the fine and homogeneous structured composite powders. By spraying of several kinds of composite powders, the functionally graded TEC thick coatings are expected to be made as a laminating or joining form. As the fundamental research for the FGM processing of TEC, lamination of Si - Ge layers with different dopant compositions was applied to be fabricated in the study.      English Physics and Chemistry of Functionally Graded Materials Research Report 1997Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on PriorityArea, No. 274 The Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture of Japan  Physics and Chemistry of Functionally Graded Materials Research Report 1997Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Area, No. 274  4 1998-03-01 13-16 傾斜機能光半導体薄膜電極の作製と光電極特性の評価 Preparation and Photoelectrochemical Properties of Semi-conductor Thin Film Photoelectrodes with Graded Bandgaps 趙高凌　幸塚広光　横尾俊信京都大学　化学研究所　611　京都府宇治市 G. Zhao, H. Kozuka and T. YokoInstitute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto-Fu 611 , Japan  Because of the high chemical and photoelectrochemical durability, TiO2 has long been believed to be one of the promising candidates for photoanode materials that split water in solar energy conversion cells. However, TiO2 has low solar energy conversion efficiencies due to its large bandgap of about 3.0 eV. On the other hand, any narrow gap semiconductors studied so far are known to have poor photoelectrochemical stability.       When the bandgap of the electrode is graded and the electrode surface is of pure TiO2 composition as schematically illustrated in Fig. 1, such an electrode would be expected to have (1) excellent photoelectrochemical stability and (2) photoresponse over a wide range of wavelengths. In addition to these, (3) efficient charge separation due to graded bands would also be possible. In order to design such graded bandgap semiconductor photoelectrodes, we have prepared TiO2-VO2 solid solution thin films with composition gradient across the film depth direction utilizing the sol-gel method, and the photoanode properties have been investigated. English Physics and Chemistry of Functionally Graded Materials Research Report 1997Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on PriorityArea, No. 274 The Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture of Japan  Physics and Chemistry of Functionally Graded Materials Research Report 1997Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Area, No. 274  4 1998-03-01 17-20 加圧燃焼合成法(TiB2をベースにしたサーミットに、SHS/動的擬等方圧縮法(DPIC)でダイアモンドを傾斜分散する方法)による傾斜機能材料の合成プロセス Processing of FGM by SHS/Compaction (Graded Dispersion of Diamond in TiB2-based Cermet by SHS/Dynamic Pseudo Isostatic Compaction) 大柳満之　辻上哲也　小泉光恵龍谷大学　物質工学科　520-21 滋賀県大津市瀬田 1-5 M. Ohyanagi, T. Tsujikami, M. KoizumiDepartment of Materials Chemistry, Ryukoku University, Seta 1-5, Ohtsu, Shiga pref. 520-21  Diamond being optical, high thermal conductive, semi-conductive and very hard materials, itself is widely expected to become an industrial materials of twenty first century.  In case of using SHS process, graded dispersion of diamond in the matrix reactant is required to fabricate diamond-containing materials.      On the other hand, diamond with a meta-stable structure usually transforms into graphite by exposing for long time above 1800K . Accordingly, the fabrication of diamond-dispersed ceramics with high melting temperature such as TiC, TiB2 is considered to be difficult in a case that conventionally using hot press and hot isostatic press. However, the cost-effective short processing, one of the advantages in SHS, is very effective to prevent diamond to graphite transformation in course of the SHS processing even if the maximum combustion temperature raises up to over 2000K. The SHS products in highly dense form can be also fabricated using a combination technique of this SHS and an external pressure such as hot pressing, hot isostatic pressing (HIP), pseudo-HIP, explosive consolidating, and high-velocity forging.      Dynamic pseudo isostatic compaction (DPIC) was applied for the hot and partially molten samples after the SHS of the matrix materials. The DPIC technique using commercial casting sand as the pressure transmitting medium was applied for the fabrication of diamond-dispersed cermets by the DPIC apparatus newly developed. In the equipment, a slender sheet of carbon ribbon as the heat device only for ignition is embedded with a sample in commercial casting sand, which is contained in a pressure vessel. The compaction was performed by quickly pressing the sand containing the sample just after the SHS reaction.       One of the objective of this research is to fabricate diamond-gradually dispersed cermets by the combination technique of SHS for short time processing and following dynamic compaction for densification. The other is to support for the fabrication by the calculation of residual stress based on graded structure of diamond in the matrix. English Physics and Chemistry of Functionally Graded Materials Research Report 1997Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on PriorityArea, No. 274 The Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture of Japan  Physics and Chemistry of Functionally Graded Materials Research Report 1997Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Area, No. 274  4 1998-03-01 21-24 高温用セラミックフィルターのための組成およびポア構造傾斜プロセス Processing of Graded Composition and Pore Structure for High Temperature Ceramic Filter 小平紘平　高橋順一北海道大学　大学院工学研究科　060　札幌市北区北13条西8丁目  K. Kodaira and J. TakahashiGraduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita- 1 3, Nishi-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060, Japan  In advanced coal-fueled power generation systems, filter elements must be placed at the front of rotating turbines to eliminate fine particles in gas streams. The severe environment of the hot gas streams in the system requires the filter elements to have excellent properties in thermal shock resistance, mechanical strength and chemical stability under working conditions (800deg- 900deg.C). Among the candidate materials for high temperature filter applications, cordierite ceramics are considered to be the best material, mainly because of its superior thermal shock resistance property. In this study, the fabrication of cordierite/mullite(C/M) composites with graded composition has been attempted to improve the mechanical strength of the cordierite-based filter material and to enable the filter to be used at much higher temperatures. The thermal shock resistance of the graded C/M filters seemed to be lowered with an increasing content of mullite component in the filters. The required property of excellent thermal shock resistance, however, was possibly maintained by grading the pore structure of the filters. The purpose of the present study is to establish the processing of the graded composition and corresponding pore structure gradient to produce the C/M filter with excellent thermal and mechanical properties.      Double spray method was employed to fabricate graded C/M porous materials. In this method, two different suspensions containing a powder with cordierite composition (C-suspension) and that with mullite composition (M-suspension) were simultaneously sprayed from separate nozzles into a polymer foam. Changes in the composition and microstructure with graded composition were examined for the filters. Thermal shock resistance was also estimated. These results were related to the spray processing characteristics. English Physics and Chemistry of Functionally Graded Materials Research Report 1997Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on PriorityArea, No. 274 The Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture of Japan  Physics and Chemistry of Functionally Graded Materials Research Report 1997Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Area, No. 274  4 1998-03-01 25-28 有機高分子から合成した非晶質傾斜機能セラミックス Functionally Graded Amorphous Ceramics Derived from Organic Polymers 佐々木眞室蘭工業大学　050-0071 北海道室蘭市水元町27-1 Makoto SasakiMuroran Institute of Technology, 27- 1 Mizumoto, Muroran, Hokkaido 050-0071 , Japan  Polymer-derived ceramics from polysilazane (Si-C-N-H) are suited for high-oxidation resistant materials because of their structural and compositional ease.      Author and the co-workers have already reported a degradation of carbon contents of Si-C-N amorphous ceramics by introducing of ammonia gas during ceramization of the polymers. On the other hand, compositional graded coating is of interest to reduce thermal stresses between coated layer and substrate.      This work results the effect of ceramization atmosphere on the composition of ceramics derived from polysilazanes and their related polymers. Soluble Mo-Si-C-N-H polymers were fabricated by reaction of polysilazane with molybdenum-ammonium complex synthesized from molybdenum chloride and ammonia gas in chloroform. Mo-Si-C-N-H polymers were coated on two dimensional (2D)-C/C composite by dipping into the chloroform solution, and oxidation resistance of the Mo-Si-C-N ceramic coated 2D-C/C were evaluated. English Physics and Chemistry of Functionally Graded Materials Research Report 1997Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on PriorityArea, No. 274 The Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture of Japan  Physics and Chemistry of Functionally Graded Materials Research Report 1997Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Area, No. 274  4 1998-03-01 29-32 紫外線照射による傾斜機能ゾル/ゲル皮膜の新コーティングプロセスの開発 Development of New Coating Process for Functionally Graded Sol-Gel Films by Ultraviolet Irradiation 平井伸治　嶋影和宜室蘭工業大学　材料物性工学科　050 北海道室蘭市水元町27-1 Shinji Hirai and Kazuyoshi ShimakageDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering , Muroran Institute of Technology,27-1 Mizumoto-cho,Muroran-shi, Hokkaido 050,Japan  In the previous paper, the composite film consisting of a porous layer filled with zirconium oxide and a coating layer of zirconium oxide which were deposited by means of conventional sol-gel process utilizing the dip-coating technique has been prepared to improve the alkaline corrosion resistance of aluminum anodic oxide film. The heating temperature and atmosphere in the conventional sol-gel process were found to be significant factors affecting to alkaline corrosion resistance of composite film. The thickness of coating layer was decreased with higher heating temperature in O2 atmosphere because of the densification of coating layer, and the alkaline corrosion resistance was improved extremely at the temperature of 573K. These facts were considered to be due to the oxidation of organic components and the coalescence of fine particles in coating layer. The alkaline duration times of composite films were increased in the range of 24 times to 50 times than those of an anodic oxide film of 20 micro meters anodized in H2SO4 solution. However, since the heating temperature in conventional sol-gel process is near to the recrystallization temperature of aluminum, aluminum substrate is effected by the heat treatment. In this study, the effect of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation on the preparation of composite films formed by sol-gel process was examined to lower the temperature of heat treatment. English Physics and Chemistry of Functionally Graded Materials Research Report 1997Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on PriorityArea, No. 274 The Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture of Japan  Physics and Chemistry of Functionally Graded Materials Research Report 1997Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Area, No. 274  4 1998-03-01 33-36 ナノスケールで変化した傾斜構造の改良された界面Advanced Interface の物理的・力学的挙動の原子レベルシミュレーション Atomistic Simulation for Physical and Mechanical Properties of Advanced Interface with Nano-scale Graded Structure 相原智康　川添良幸東北大学　金属材料研究所　980-77 　仙台市青葉区片平2-1-1  Tomoyasu AIHARA, Jr. and Yoshiyuki KAWAZOEInstitute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Katahira 2-1-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-77, Japan  The basic concept of the functionally graded material is active control of the material structure and the optimization of its functions in use. The graded structure represents the advanced functions. The application of this concept for the nano meter level structure of the materials, for example, atom level controlled interface, will develop their performance. Then, the nano meter level technology is important to evaluate the local physical and mechanical quantities in the material and to design the atom level structure.      We have been performing molecular dynamics simulation for the coherent interface between the Ni3Al L12 intermetallic compound ((gamma)' phase) and fcc Ni ((gamma) Phase) with nano-scale graded structure. We simulated the elastic deformation last year. The microscopic distributions of the physical and mechanical properties were analyzed. We have clarified that the atom level graded structure relaxes the atom level stresses at the interface. In case of plastic deformation, the microscopic deviation does not equivalent to the macroscopic one. Microscopic mechanism of plastic deformation is the motion of the dislocation. It creates slip and interacts with the interface. In this year, we simulate the plastic deformation of the advanced interface with nano-scale graded structure. The purpose of present research is to evaluate the micro mechanism and dynamics of the plastic deformation in the nano-scale graded structure material. English Physics and Chemistry of Functionally Graded Materials Research Report 1997Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on PriorityArea, No. 274 The Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture of Japan  Physics and Chemistry of Functionally Graded Materials Research Report 1997Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Area, No. 274  4 1998-03-01 37-40 SiO2とAl融体との置換反応により得られたAl／Al2O3複合材料の傾斜機能化 Functional Gradation of Al/Al2O3 Composites by Substitutional Reaction between SiO2 and molten Al 吉川昇、谷口尚司東北大学　大学院工学研究科　金属工学専攻　980-8579 宮城県仙台市青葉区荒巻字青葉 Noboru Yoshikawa and Shoji TaniguchiSchool of Metallurgy, Division of Engineering, Graduate Schools Tohoku University, Aza-Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan  It has been pointed out that fabrication cost of composite materials is generally high, because many processes are involved, such as mixing, dispersing of raw materials followed by heat treatments and processing into the desired shapes. Recently, In-situ Composites have been remarked. In fabrication of these materials, it is possible to obtain the desired composite microstructures during the processes and it is expected to reduce some of the fabrication process.      In the field of Al/Al2O3 in-situ composites, two methods have been known. The first method is by direct oxidation of the molten aluminum known as DIMOX process and the second method is to make use of the substitutional reaction between SiO2 and molten Al. In both composites, microstructures consisting of Al and Al2O3 are obtained as the reaction products, having larger volume fraction of Al2O3, so they have been classified as the ceramics matrix composites. In this study, composites by the latter methods are investigated, which have the characteristics that arbitrary shaped SiO2 can be transformed into the composites having the same shape and scale.      The application of this materials for machine elements has been taken into consideration. The researches conducted so far have been rather stressed for these practical aspects. There are remaining fundamental problems concerning on the reaction mechanisms and the microstructure formation. The authors have investigated the relationship between the reaction kinetics, microstructure formation and the mechanical properties of the composites. It was found that the mechanical properties are dependent on the reaction temperature.      This study is intended to fabricate the Al/Al2O3 composites with graded mechanical properties by means of controlling the reaction temperature. In this report, results on the microstructure observations and measurement of mechanical properties of the ungraded composites are shown first, and the results on the hardness gradation are presented. English Physics and Chemistry of Functionally Graded Materials Research Report 1997Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on PriorityArea, No. 274 The Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture of Japan  Physics and Chemistry of Functionally Graded Materials Research Report 1997Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Area, No. 274  4 1998-03-01 41-44 傾斜機能層における波動エネルギー Wave Energy in a Layer of FGMs 渡辺一美山形大学　機械工学科　992-8510 山形県米沢市  Kazumi WatanabeDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Yamagata University Yonezawa. Yamagata 992-8510, Japan  In FGMs, a wave ray forms a curve due to the spatial variation of acoustic parameters, and thus a layer of the FGM may works as a wave channel. An estimation of the trapped wave energy in this layer will give some information about the damage zone to the dynamic load. On the other hand, there are less works about the wave propagation character for the FGMs. In order to develop the nondestructive evaluation of the material character of the FGM, however, much more works on the wave character should be performed. In the present paper, a basic wave character and SH wave energy trapped in the FGM layer is discussed on the theory of elastic waves. English Physics and Chemistry of Functionally Graded Materials Research Report 1997Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on PriorityArea, No. 274 The Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture of Japan  Physics and Chemistry of Functionally Graded Materials Research Report 1997Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Area, No. 274  4 1998-03-01 45-48 共晶接合による金属／金属間化合物傾斜機能材料の開発 Development of Metal/Intermetallic Compound FGM Made by Eutectic Bonding 辻本得蔵、友田陽、鈴木徹也茨城大学　工学部　材料工学科　316　茨城県日立市中成沢町4-12-1  T. Tsujimoto, Y. Tomota, and T. SuzukiDepartment of Materials Science , Faculty of Engineering, Ibaraki University , 4-12-1 Nakanarusawa-cho , Hitachi 316, Japan  An excellent idea for materials design is included in the concept of structural FGM. However, application of structural FGM has scarcely progressed up to date. The cause is in complexities of fabrication process for FGM, which charges high prices for manufactured FGM. In order to eliminate this hindrance, a simple fabrication process for FGM which was based on eutectic bonding and on use of intermetallic compound (abbreviated to IMC) was invented by the authors. This new method, i.e., eutectic bonding is being applied successfully to make "metal/intermetallic compound FGM" which is abbreviated to IMC FGM in this paper.      In this paper, the principle of the new method and examples of IMC FGM fabricated by this method have been described. In parallel with the study of IMC FGM, further development of techniques for making use of eutectic melt is being attempted, which are named " eutectic coating method" and " eutectic melt infiltrating method". Some explanations has been given for these methods. English Physics and Chemistry of Functionally Graded Materials Research Report 1997Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on PriorityArea, No. 274 The Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture of Japan  Physics and Chemistry of Functionally Graded Materials Research Report 1997Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Area, No. 274  4 1998-03-01 49-52 pH制御による電気泳動法によるセラミックス材料の傾斜機能化プロセス FGM Process for Ceramics with Electrophoretic Method by Controlling Suspension of pH 宇都野太東京大学　生産技術研究所 Futoshi UTSUNOInstitute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo  A continuos variation of composition, and thus of physical properties, such as thermal expansion and thermal conductivity, is characteristic of a functionally graded material (FGM). Such composites find applications in extreme thermal shielding, the joining of ceramics to ceramics, metals, and biomaterials. FGMs have been synthesized by various methods, such as chemical vapor deposition (CVD), physical vapor deposition (PVD), plasma spraying, self-propagating high-temperature synthesis, and green forming following by sintering.      Electrophoretic deposition is one of preparation methods of ceramics or metal films and this is very fast and economic process of the green forming of functionally graded materials. Electrophoretic deposition is a colloidal process wherein ceramics bodies are shaped directly from a stable colloid suspension by a dc electric field. Particles in suspension move toward electrodes by Seta (zata) potential, which is generated at interface between solid and solute in suspension. The magnitude of (zata) potential is changed by various factors, such as kinds of particles or solute, pH and temperature of suspension, concentrations and kinds of electrolysis in suspension, and so on.      In this work, in order to establish one of techniques for preparing FGM ceramic films using EPD, EPD by controlling pH of suspension was carried out using the suspension that had a certain constant concentration ratio of two component ceramics particles. English Physics and Chemistry of Functionally Graded Materials Research Report 1997Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on PriorityArea, No. 274 The Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture of Japan  Physics and Chemistry of Functionally Graded Materials Research Report 1997Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Area, No. 274  4 1998-03-01 53-56 ソフト溶液プロセスによる傾斜機能材料の直接作製：水熱電気化学法によるATiO3（A＝Ba、Sr）複層膜 In situ Fabrication of Functionally Graded Materials by Soft Solution Processing: ATiO3 (A=Ba,Sr) Multilayered Films by Hydrothermal-Electrochemical Method 吉村昌弘、ヴォイチェク・スハネク東京工業大学　応用セラミックス研究所　226　横浜市緑区長津田町 4259  Masahiro Yoshimura and Wojciech SuchanekMaterials and Structures Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226  Recently, attention of the researchers has been focused on the multilayered films in the BaTiO3-SrTiO3 system. An interesting application of the multilayered films in the BaTiO3-SrTiO3 system are functionally graded materials having different chemical composition across the film thickness, resulting in a desired gradient of the dielectric constant across the material. Such FGMs can find applications as tunable multilayer capacitors, waveguide phase shifters, filters etc.      The previously prepared BaTiO3-SrTiO3 multilayered structures were fabricated by tape-casting, dip-coating or r.f. magnetron sputtering.  Such heat treatments often result in cracking and/or peeling of the deposited layers, reaction of the film with the substrate, moreover are energy-consuming. However, it is possible to prepare the BaTiO3, SrTiO3, or (Ba, Sr) TiO3 thin films by hydrothermal-electrochemical method under mild conditions and temperatures not exceeding 200deg.C. In our earlier work, BaTiO3, SrTiO3, and BaxSr1-x TiO3 single-phase thin films have been prepared on Ti-substrates in the newly constructed flow-system equipment by the hydrothermal-electrochemical method. The synthesis parameters (temperature of 120-200deg.C, flow rate of 1-50 ml/min) allowed fabrication of dense, single-phase films with different morphology by controlling nucleation and/or growth rates. These results gave a strong background for fabrication of BaTiO3-SrTiO3 multilayered thin films using this technique.      The purpose of the research presented in this paper is demonstration of applicability of the flow cell for hydrothermal-electrochemical synthesis for preparation of functionally graded materials in the BaTiO3-SrTiO3 system. English Physics and Chemistry of Functionally Graded Materials Research Report 1997Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on PriorityArea, No. 274 The Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture of Japan  Physics and Chemistry of Functionally Graded Materials Research Report 1997Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Area, No. 274  4 1998-03-01 57-60 無機一有機傾斜複合体の合成と多孔体への応用 Preparation and Application of Porous Inorganic-organic Functionally Graded Complexes 熊田伸弘　木野村陽一山梨大学　工学部　400　甲府市宮前町７ N. Kumada and N. KinomuraFaculty of Engineering, Yamanashi University, Miyamae-7 Kofu 400, Japan  We had attempted to prepare inorganic-organic functionally graded complexes, zirconium phenylphosphonate phosphates cointercalated with aniline and to convert the complexes to porous materials by removing aniline. However, the specific surface area for the inorganic-organic complexes was unexpectedly small, and the low surface area was attributed to incomplete removal of aniline. Then preparation of zirconium phenylphosphonate phosphates was attempted without aniline, and similar porous materials were pursued by using dimetyloctadecylchlorosilane instead of phenylphosphonic acid.      In addition to above inorganic-organic complexes, new functionally graded materials were prepared with sintered BaBiO3 under hydrothermal condition by using KOH solution to yield pyrochlore type (K, Bi)1.5Bi2O6-(delta)*nH2O Potassium ion in the pyrochlore type phase on the sintered BaBiO3 was ion-exchanged with proton. English Physics and Chemistry of Functionally Graded Materials Research Report 1997Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on PriorityArea, No. 274 The Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture of Japan  Physics and Chemistry of Functionally Graded Materials Research Report 1997Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Area, No. 274  4 1998-03-01 61-64 傾斜高分子膜の調製と膜透過・分離機能 Preparation and Permeation-separation Function of Graded Polymeric Membranes 辻田義治名古屋工業大学　材料工学科　466-8555 名古屋市昭和区御器所町  Y. TsujitaDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan  There are several examples referring to the flow reversal effects in bilayer membrane systems. However, there is no report on the graded membrane which has, for example, a graded composition of two components in the thickness direction. In this study, we try to prepare the graded polymeric membrane utilizing the miscible polymer blend system, and estimate its gas permeation properties. Polymethyl methacrylate/poly (styrene-co-acrylonitrile) (PMMA/SAN) blend system is chosen here. It had been reported that PMMA/SAN blend is miscible over a limited range of SAN comonomer compositions, whereas PMMA is immiscible for the both polystyrene and polyacrylonitrile. It is therefore expected that the interaction between PMMA and SAN is weaker in comparing with other popular miscible polymer blend systems, such as polyphenyleneoxide/polystyrene. If the interaction between two polymers in the blend system, the permeability coefficient of the graded membrane will can be easily calculated using some simple assumption. This report shows the relationships between the blend ratio and gas transport properties of this blend system, from the CO2 sorption isotherms and permeability coefficients of PMMA/SAN blend membranes and one of the method for the preparation and estimation of the graded membrane. English Physics and Chemistry of Functionally Graded Materials Research Report 1997Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on PriorityArea, No. 274 The Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture of Japan  Physics and Chemistry of Functionally Graded Materials Research Report 1997Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Area, No. 274  4 1998-03-01 65-68 液相析出法による機能性セラミックスの傾斜化 Synthesis of Functionally Gradient Ceramics from Aqueous Solutions 岡興志男　八尾健*　内本喜晴*　梶原浩一*京都大学　総合人間学部　606－01 京都市左京区吉田二本松町 *　京都大学　大学院エネルギー科学研究科　エネルギー基礎科学　606－01 京都市左京区吉田本町 Y. Oka, T. Yao* Y. Uchimoto*, K. Kajihara*Faculty of Integrated Human Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Nihonmatsu-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto-shi, 606-01, Japan *Department of Fundamental Energy Science, Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto-shi, 606-01,Japan  Ceramic thin films are desirable for high performance, new functions and a light and compact system construction.  We believed it possible to synthesize ceramics from aqueous solutions, and we investigated the method for synthesizing zirconium oxide and Lanthanum transition metal perovskite oxides from aqueous solutions at ordinary temperature and ordinary pressure. Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) have a structure where anode layer, electrolyte layer and cathode layer are piled in sequence like sandwiches. Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) is used as the electrolyte material, nickel-zirconia cermet is used as the anode material, and strontium-doped lanthanum manganite having both electrical conductive property and oxide ion conductive property as the cathode material.  In order to make SOFCs fit for practical use,  it is requested to use the materials in the form of thin films.       The objective of this study is to investigate the reaction mechanism for synthesizing ceramics from aqueous solutions precisely, and then to apply the reaction to the production of SOFCs. In order to relax the strain in the layer boundaries caused by the difference in the thermal expansions, we have considered it useful to make the layer boundary where the electrolyte material is gradually replaced by the cathode material by changing the compositions of the aqueous solutions in this synthesizing reaction.      In this report, we will describe the synthesis of LaCrO3, LaMnO3, LaFeO3, and LaCoO3, which we refer to as LaMeO3 ( Me=Cr, Mn, Fe or Co) hereafter, from aqueous solution and the deposition of LaMnO3 on YSZ solid state electrolyte.       English Physics and Chemistry of Functionally Graded Materials Research Report 1997Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on PriorityArea, No. 274 The Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture of Japan  Physics and Chemistry of Functionally Graded Materials Research Report 1997Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Area, No. 274  4 1998-03-01 69-72 傾斜機能材料の組成設計のための基礎研究 Fundamental Study on Compositional Design for Functionally Graded Materials 太田陸夫　若杉隆 福永二郎京都工芸繊維大学　物質工学科　606　京都市左京区松ヶ崎 R. Ota, T. Wakasugi and J. FukunagaDepartment of Chemistry and Materials Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606, Japan  In order to design a functionally graded material, it is essential to develop a theoretical technique that enables one to compute multi-component glass compositions which meet the desired properties (functions). In the present study a technique is proposed which determines the glass compositions giving desired values of molar volume and thermal expansion coefficient. English Physics and Chemistry of Functionally Graded Materials Research Report 1997Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on PriorityArea, No. 274 The Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture of Japan  Physics and Chemistry of Functionally Graded Materials Research Report 1997Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Area, No. 274  4 1998-03-01 73-76 ゴム系傾斜機能複合材料の作製とその物性 Preparation and Properties of Functionally Graded Rubber Materials 池田裕子、掬谷信三*京都工芸繊維大学　工芸学部*　京都大学　化学研究所 Y. Ikeda, S. Kohjiya*Faculty of Engineering and Design, Kyoto Institute of Technology *Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University  Generally, elastomeric materials in the industrial fields are the composites consisting of three-dimensional network structure and fillers. In the processing of the rubber vulcanizates, the mixing and the curing are very important because the homogeneity of mixing and curing much influenced the mechanical properties of the vulcanizates. In this study, however, the cross-linking density of the vulcanizates were graded and the mechanical properties of the vulcanizates were evaluated in order to obtain the fundamental information for the development of new functional materials. English Physics and Chemistry of Functionally Graded Materials Research Report 1997Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on PriorityArea, No. 274 The Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture of Japan  Physics and Chemistry of Functionally Graded Materials Research Report 1997Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Area, No. 274  4 1998-03-01 77-80 無機―有機傾斜組成複合光学マトリックスの設計と創製 Design and Preparation for Optical Matrices with the Graded Composition between Inorganic and Organic Components 町田憲一大阪大学　工学部　応用化学　565-0871 大阪府吹田市山田丘2-1  Ken-ichi MachidaDepartment of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2- 1 , Suita, Osaka 565-0871 , Japan  The composite materials consisting of inorganic glass forming units such as silica and various organosilanes possess a possibility to form optical matrices with excellent thermal or mechanical resistivity and molding or shaping characteristics. Furthermore, physical properties of the matrices are continuously changed by controlling the composition of inorganic and organic components and, as a result, a grading function is expected to be revealed by this treatment.      In this study, aiming to establish the design principle and fabrication technique for the excellent optical functional materials with high transparency as well as good thermal or mechanical resistivity and molding or shaping characteristics from the above view points, a series ORMOSIL composite glasses consisting of silica and organosilane units are synthesized at the various components of inorganic and organic components, and their glass forming regions are studied. In addition, the silica-based ORMOSIL matrices, which have been demonstrated and characterized as suitable host materials for organic compounds, e.g. dyes and lanthanide complexes, are prepared by sol-gel method and incorporated with [Eu(phen)2]Cl3. Furthermore, the hybrid solar cell devices are fabricated by combining with an optical waveguide of transparent ORMOSIL composite glass plate and their conversion characteristics of sunlight to electric power are studied. English Physics and Chemistry of Functionally Graded Materials Research Report 1997Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on PriorityArea, No. 274 The Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture of Japan  Physics and Chemistry of Functionally Graded Materials Research Report 1997Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Area, No. 274  4 1998-03-01 81-84 多核錯体の逐次吸着を利用する傾斜機能材料の作成 Preparation of Functionally-Graded Materials by Means of Stepwise Adsorption of Multinuclear Complexes 一ノ瀬泉　安藤玲子　国武豊喜九州大学　工学部　812　福岡市箱崎6-10-1  I. Ichinose, R. Ando, T. KunitakeFaculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, Hakozaki, 6-10-1, Fukuoka 812, Japan  Fabrication of functionally graded materials with molecular precision is an important field of current materials research. It is essential for chemical application of these materials. Based on this concept, we have developed several preparative techniques for ultrathin nano-graded films by means of stepwise adsorption from solution. Alternate adsorption of oppositely-charged polymers has been extended to a wide range of charged materials such as multinuclear complexes, clay, metal oxide particles, proteins, dye molecules, conductive polymers, etc. We have also developed a stepwise adsorption of metal alkoxides as a novel preparative technique for metal oxide thin films. In the current study we focus on the application of the surface sol-gel process to forming organic-inorganic nano-graded materials and to molecular imprinting and recognition. We also report here polymerization-induced adsorption as a novel technique for layer-by-layer deposition of organic polymers at nanometer scale. English Physics and Chemistry of Functionally Graded Materials Research Report 1997Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on PriorityArea, No. 274 The Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture of Japan  Physics and Chemistry of Functionally Graded Materials Research Report 1997Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Area, No. 274  4 1998-03-01 85-88 傾斜機能ポリウレタンの合成と特性 Synthesis and Properties of Functionally Graded Polyurethane Elastomers 古川睦久・椎葉哲朗長崎大学　工学部　材料工学科　852-8521 長崎市文教町1-14  Mutsuhisa Furukawa and Tetsuro ShiibaDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 8528521 , Japan  Functionally graded polymer materials are prepared by controlling a diffusion of a reactive monomer into a polymer sheet and by use of difference of compatibility or miscibility during two or more components of macromolecular chains. We are studying on relationship with structures and properties of polyurethane elastomers (PUEs) in which molecular design is easy. It has been found that size and the number of spherulites, glass transition temperature, and superstructures vary by curing temperature. In this study, we offered the preparation method of PUEs with graded micro-domain structures by use of a mold with temperature gradient. The spherulite sizes, morphology, and mechanical properties of PUE sheets sliced were studied by DSC, polarizing microscopy, tensile, dynamic viscoelastic properties, and micro-hardness. Dependence of behavior of spherulite growth on curing reaction temperatures was also studied in situ observation by a polarizing microscopy.  English Physics and Chemistry of Functionally Graded Materials Research Report 1997Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on PriorityArea, No. 274 The Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture of Japan  Physics and Chemistry of Functionally Graded Materials Research Report 1997Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Area, No. 274  4 1998-03-01 89-92 TiAl合金に対する耐酸化性皮膜の傾斜機能化 Functionally Grading of Oxidation-resistant Coatings on TiAl Alloys 間渕博 津田大大阪府立大学　工学部　599-8531 大阪府堺市学園町1-1  H. Mabuchi and H. TsudaCollege of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, Gakuen-cho, 1-1, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan  Gamma titanium aluminides ((gamma)-TiAl alloys), having an L10-type structure, are candidate materials for use in future gas turbine aero-engines and automotive engines because of their low density, high specific strength and high stiffness.  Coatings of the TiAl alloy are therefore essential to high temperature oxidation resistance.  Among their coating processes to improve oxidation resistance, pack cementation is a very simple process and remains a widely used technique for gas turbine components.       On the other hand, the oxidation resistance of Al3Ti, having a D022-type structure, appears to be superior due to its high aluminum content. But the Al3Ti is extremely brittle at ambient temperature because of its low-symmetry crystal structure and tetragonal D022 structure, To improve its ductility, recently, much work on the (Al,X)3Ti (X=Ni, Fe, Cu, Mn, Cr, Ag and Pd etc.) alloys has been focused on the formation of the cubic L12 crystal structure, with the hope that the L12 structure is highly symmetrical and may have a sufficient number of slip systems for homogeneous deformation. The present authors more recently reported that Ti25Cr8Al67 (In atomic %) alloy with the L12 structure does posses some intrinsic bend ductility at ambient temperature, and that L12-Ti25Cr14Al61 alloy (with higher Cr content) was more ductile in bending, with a plastic strain of up to 0.9% being recorded.       The L12 phase field is in equilibrium with the TiAl phase field. Furthermore, the both alloys resemble each other very closely in crystal structure and lattice parameter. Therefore, the L12- (Al,Cr)3Ti alloy can be considered applicable to L10-TiAl alloys as an optimum material of coatings. The purpose of this study is to apply L12 alloy coatings to the TiAl alloy by pack cementation techniques, and to establish the functionally graded diffusion layer for oxidation-resistant coatings. English Physics and Chemistry of Functionally Graded Materials Research Report 1997Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on PriorityArea, No. 274 The Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture of Japan  Physics and Chemistry of Functionally Graded Materials Research Report 1997Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Area, No. 274  4 1998-03-01 93-96 傾斜化プロセスによる冷却システム用ミスト冷却素子の開発 Development of Mist Cooling Elements for Heat Exchanger by Functionally Graded Processing 西山勝廣　高橋秀史　島崎益男　阿部正彦　立崎陽介　大森守*東京理科大学　理工学部　278 千葉県野田市山崎2641 *東北大学　金属材料研究所980-77 仙台市青葉区 　 K. Nishiyama, H. Takahashi, M. Shimazaki, M. Abe, Y. Tatsuzaki and M. Omori*Faculty of Science and Technology, Science University of Tokyo, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278, Japan *Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-77, Japan  Conventional air conditioner is comprised basically of a heat pump system and refrigerant gas having large vapor enthalpy such as flon and quasi flon gases. The flon-gas occurs the destruction of ozone-layer. Recently, the environmental problem such as the destruction of ozone-layer and energy-saving problem are becoming, we use alternative freon-gas instead of normal flon-gas, but essentially, we can't recognize it.      If we could use a water mist as a medium material and make a plan that heat pump cooler has fractal dimension surface is made, we could image the realization making cooler based on a quite new concept. In theory, the method that the mist in an air current is collided to heating surface for the sake of heat transfer enhancement, have the ratio of heat transfer enhancement about five times compared with single-phase flow. But we must conquer the two difficulties for the purpose of the realization of the making of the new cooler. One difficulties are the establishment of the creating technique of the mist whose particle diameter is below 0.1 micrometer as a medium material. Second difficulties are the establishment of the technique of the making heat pump having fractal surface which have an extremely wide surface area.      In the present study, we have the purpose that the development of the mist generation device and the cooling element made by the formation technique of the functionally graded structure, and the making of the mist cooling device having novel cooling mechanism. English Physics and Chemistry of Functionally Graded Materials Research Report 1997Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on PriorityArea, No. 274 The Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture of Japan  Physics and Chemistry of Functionally Graded Materials Research Report 1997Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Area, No. 274  4 1998-03-01 97-100 傾斜機能材料のコンピュータ・シミュレーション Computer Simulation of Functionary Graded Materials 木暮嘉明　堂山昌男帝京科学大学　409-01 山梨県上野原町八ツ沢2525  Y. Kogure and M. DoyamaTeikyo University of Science & Technology, 2525 Yastusawa, Uenohara, Yamanashi 409-01, Japan  The functionary graded materials are widely used in the fields of space, aeronautical, energy science and technology. Many kinds of functionary graded materials are going to be developed. A computer simulation to design the FGM have been made in this study. The finite element method combined with the Monte Carlo method are used in the calculation. When the thermal conductivity of the material is known as a function of the composition, a wanted temperature distribution can be realized. English Physics and Chemistry of Functionally Graded Materials Research Report 1997Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on PriorityArea, No. 274 The Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture of Japan  Physics and Chemistry of Functionally Graded Materials Research Report 1997Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Area, No. 274  4 1998-03-01 101-104 湿式濾過法による厚肉傾斜機能材料の創製 Creation of a Thick Functionally Graded Material by Use of Filtration Method 岩田政司　下野晃鈴鹿工業高等専門学校　510-0294 鈴鹿市白子町  M. Iwata and A. ShimonoSuzuka National College of Technology, Shiroko-cho, Suzuka 510-0294, Japan  To make a thick functionally graded material, we have proposed a novel method for forming green bodies based on filtration operation. In the method, a suspension of particle A is put into a mixing tank followed by a filtration of the suspension. Then a suspension of particle B is fed continuously to the tank. If the filtration is not affected by particle settling, the composition of a filter cake surface coincides with that of the suspension in the tank. The composition profile of the filter cake varies smoothly in the direction of cake thickness.      It is well known that a porous brick is produced by firing a green body which consists of both carbonaceous particles and inorganic particles. Here, we will propose a new process of making a functionally graded porous material by use of "the filtration method". This porous material seems to be suitable for use in artificial bones, artificial tooth-roots, supports for cultured cells in biotechnology, asymmetric ceramic filters, etc. English Physics and Chemistry of Functionally Graded Materials Research Report 1997Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on PriorityArea, No. 274 The Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture of Japan  Physics and Chemistry of Functionally Graded Materials Research Report 1997Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Area, No. 274  4 1998-03-01 105-108 傾斜機能誘電体基板 A Functionally Graded Substrate for Dielectrics 西田俊彦、Giuseppe PEZZOTTI、塩野剛司京都工芸繊維大学 Toshihiko Nishida, Giuseppe Pezzotti, Takeshi ShionoKyoto Institute of Technology  The field of electrical resistant substrates for high-frequency application has been recently the object of intensive efforts given the goal of applying the dielectrics technology to industrial applications. Besides the continuous applications in various areas of functionality, of particular success has been the development of substrates capable of transmitting high-band frequency waves as, for example, portable small-sized telephones. However, problems may arise in order to connect the very small substrates used in such application to external circuits which maintain a constant impedance (typically 50 ohms). The width within which the printed circuits are contained on the substrate is somewhat limited by both the thickness of the substrate and its relative electrical conductivity. Thus, to realize the small size of both the substrate and the circuits, a high value of electrical conductivity in the substrate is necessarily required. This necessity, however, will unavoidably lead to problems in connecting the substrates with external circuits. To solve this problem, the external part of the substrate has been designed with a low conductivity, while the central part is conceived as a high conductivity area. These two regions of the substrate have been interconnected by using a functionally graded structure which allows the minimization of the high-frequency signal loss and, at the same time, ensures the availability of a larger substrate width for circuit print. As a temptative approach, we have tried last year to built up the functionally graded structure by successive superpositions of layers with different compositions in the system CaTiO3-MgTiO3. However, this process involves, with the necessity of sintering the graded structure, the formation of large grained microstructures leading to discontinuous interfaces between adjacent layers. For this reason, in our recent studies, a different approach, which is focussed on the system BaTiO3-SrTiO3, has been attempted. This new system may allow for internal (reciprocal) diffusion among adjacent layers and, thus, partly release the layered discontinuity within the substrate. English Physics and Chemistry of Functionally Graded Materials Research Report 1997Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on PriorityArea, No. 274 The Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture of Japan  Physics and Chemistry of Functionally Graded Materials Research Report 1997Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Area, No. 274  4 1998-03-01 109-112 傾斜圧電機能ドーム型アクチュエータ Functionally Graded Piezoelectric Dome Actuators 谷順二　菱進浩D. J. Warkentin 曽我拓一朗東北大学流体科学研究所外国人研究員(JSPS)東北大学大学院 J. Tani, J. Qiu D. J. Warkentin T. SogaInstitute of Fluid Science, Tohoku University JSPS Postdoctoral Fellow, Tohoku University Graduate School, Tohoku University  Many studies have been carried out on the development and application of piezoelectric/electrostrictive actuators. The actuators have mainly been applied to high precision devices in which the required displacement is in 10micrometer or sub-micrometer order so that the piezoelectric or electrostrictive effects can be directly used. However, the applications of piezoelectric and electrostrictive actuators are being extended in recent years to linear motors, pumps, switches, noise reduction devices, adjustable lenses and laser reflectors, in which displacements of 100 micrometer order or larger are necessary. The typical piezoelectric actuators with large displacement include unimorph actuators and bimorph actuators. These actuators are manufactured by bonding a piezoelectric layer and a metal shim layer or two piezoelectric layers together. Due to the stress concentration and physical weakness on the bonding interface of the two layers, cracks and delamination can easily be induced during actuation. Hence, these actuators are not suitable for applications requiring high reliability. To solve this problem, a new type of actuator called RAINBOW has been proposed. RAINBOW actuators have the same structure as unimorph actuators except that the shim layer is obtained by chemically reducing the piezoelectric material on one side of an actuator instead of bonding a metal layer. Since the reduced layer and the unreduced piezoelectric layer are chemically integrated, the interface has higher strength and delamination on the interface can be avoided. However the chemical reduction process is performed at high temperature and the reduced layer and unreduced layer have different heat expansion factors. Therefore thermal stress are induced by in the actuator after cooling down. The thermal stress becomes the main factor of fracture of RAlNBOW actuators since in some region of the piezoelectric layer the thermal stress is extensional. In this paper a new type bending actuator with functionally graded composition of a piezoelectric material and a dielectric material in the thickness direction is proposed and numerical simulation is performed on the performance analysis of the actuators. The spark plasma sintering process was used in the sample fabrication of the new actuators. English Physics and Chemistry of Functionally Graded Materials Research Report 1997Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on PriorityArea, No. 274 The Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture of Japan  Physics and Chemistry of Functionally Graded Materials Research Report 1997Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Area, No. 274  4 1998-03-01 113-116 高周波用異方性傾斜Ni－Znフェライト Ni-Zn Ferrite with Graded Magnetic Anisotropy for High Frequency Applications 平塚信之、中村陽平、柿崎浩一、小林秀彦埼玉大学　工学部　機能材料工学科　338-8570 浦和市下大久保255  N. Hiratsuka, Y. Nakamura, K. Kakizaki and H. KobayashiDepartment of Functional Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Ohkubo Urawa 338-8570, Japan  Magnetic materials for high frequency are required to apply at giga hertz order in the high speed informative communication and the diversity of correspondence ways of multi media. To meet these demands, the magnetic materials require high and constant initial permeability in high frequency. However, ferrites with hexagonal crystal structure which have already been put into practice as high frequency applications are inferior in lower initial permeability. Furthermore, the single phase of the hexagonal-type ferrites is not easy to produce. The resonance frequency (fr) of magnetic rotation of the hexagonal-type ferrites is given as follows:       Equation (1)     micro i, gamma and Ms are initial permeability, gyro-magnetic constant and saturation magnetization, respectively. HA1 and HA2 are anisotropic magnetic fields. The ferrites whose two kinds of anisotropic magnetic fields are not equal will have higher resonance frequency than those of isotropic ferrites in the same values of Ms and micro i.      On the other hand, the spinel-type ferrites, which are isotropic and their magnetic anisotropy are small, can't keep the same value of initial permeability up to high frequency because of Snoek's theory.      We try to obtain a new soft ferrite which has higher resonance frequency by endowing a spinel-type ferrite with magnetic anisotropy. In this study, we examined the magnetic and electric properties for the spinel-type Ni-Zn ferrites added with CoO first. We subsequently made the ferrites which were laminated with Ni-Zn ferrites and Ni-Zn ferrite added with CoO. Moreover, we prepared the Ni-Zn ferrites with graded magnetic anisotropy. We investigated the dependence of initial permeability on high frequency for these samples and discussed the ability of the functionally graded magnetic materials. English Physics and Chemistry of Functionally Graded Materials Research Report 1997Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on PriorityArea, No. 274 The Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture of Japan  Physics and Chemistry of Functionally Graded Materials Research Report 1997Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Area, No. 274  4 1998-03-01 117-120 傾斜構造を有するFeSiｘ系化合物の熱電特性に及ぼす微細構造の影響 Effect of Microstructure on Thermoelectric Properties in the FeSix Compound 一ノ瀬昇　中島晃　小田巻誠早稲田大学　理工学部　169 東京都新宿区大久保3-4-1  N. Ichinose, A. Nakajima and M. OdamakiSchool of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1, Ohkubo, Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo 169, Japan  Thermoelectric power generator has become a subject of great interest to meet the recent requirements for a reliable source of electric power. A number of materials have been tested for utilization in a thermoelectric generator. (beta)-FeSi2 is one of the promising materials useful for energy conversion in the temperature range 200 to 900 deg.C. This material is nonpoisonous, good oxidation resistance and can be operated in air without any protection, exhibits high electrical conductivity and large thermoelectric power.      Here, microstructure and thermoelectric properties in the FeSix compound have been investigated for the composition range x=1.90-2.20. For sample preparation, new technologies such as mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering have been applied. As temperature characteristics of thermoelectric power are depending on the composition, compositionally graded materials are expected to improve thermoelectric efficiency. English Physics and Chemistry of Functionally Graded Materials Research Report 1997Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on PriorityArea, No. 274 The Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture of Japan  Physics and Chemistry of Functionally Graded Materials Research Report 1997Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Area, No. 274  4 1998-03-01 121-124 傾斜機能磁性薄膜 Functionally Graded Magnetic Thin Films 逢坂哲彌、本間敬之、鈴木充早稲田大学　理工学部　応用化学科　　169-8555 東京都新宿区大久保3-4-1  T. Osaka, T. Homma, M. SuzukiDepartment of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan  According to the development of intelligent society based on high level information, a higher density recording media is required. We previously developed various perpendicular magnetic recording media suitable for high density recording using electroless deposition techniques. The results of previous studies on their recording characteristics in combination with recording heads revealed that "double-layered" media consisting of the films with different magnetic properties could exhibited better recording characteristics than "single-layered" ones. These results suggest that it is important to control the microstructure and magnetic properties precisely in the direction of film thickness, in accordance with the head field distribution. Thus, it is expected that further improved recording characteristics can be achieved by grading the media properties along the head field distribution. We intend to fabricate such a functionally graded magnetic recording media by an electrochemical process and verify the effectiveness of graded function in a magnetic recording media by evaluating its recording characteristics. English Physics and Chemistry of Functionally Graded Materials Research Report 1997Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on PriorityArea, No. 274 The Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture of Japan  Physics and Chemistry of Functionally Graded Materials Research Report 1997Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Area, No. 274  4 1998-03-01 125-128 溶融塩反応で作製した組成傾斜BaTiO3－PbTO3系複合粒子の誘電特性 Dielectric properties of BaTiO3-PbTiO3 composite particles prepared by molten salt reaction with compositional gradients. 嶋田志郎北海道大学　大学院工学研究科 Shiro ShimadaGraduate school of Eng., Hokkaido Univ.  In our previous papers, a comprehensive understanding of the molten reaction in BaTiO3-PbCl2 system enabled it to produce Ba1-xPbxTiO3 solid solutions and BaTiO3-Ba1-xPbxTiO3 composite particles with controlled compositions. The tetragonal(t)<=>cubic(c) phase transitions of Ba0.13Pb0.87TiO3 solid solution and BaTiO3-Ba1-xPbxTiO3 composite particles prepared by the molten salt reaction were monitored by high temperature XRD (HTXRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements. The t<=>c transition of the Ba0.13Pb0.87TiO3 solid solution occurred at 480deg.C, The t<=>c transition of large BaTiO3-Ba1-xPbxTiO3 composite particles (0.7micrometers) obtained from 0.5 micrometers particles proceeded at 150deg.C, a range of 360-430deg.C and at 480deg.C the former corresponding to the transition of BaTiO3-core and the latter two Ba1-xPbxTiO3-shells with two kinds of compositional distributions being 0.5<=x<=0.8 and x=0.9(nearly equal). The t<=>c transition of small BaTiO3-Ba1-x PbxTiO3 composite particles(0.3micrometer) prepared from 0.1micrometer particles proceeded continuously between 250 and 550deg.C. The x-values in Ba1-xPbxTiO3-shell in these composite particles were estimated to be 0.4<=x<=1.0.  It was suggested by EDX that the compositional gradients existed in the composite particles.      Dielectric temperature characteristics (epsilon(T) curve) of the Ba1-xPbxTiO3 solid solution are changed according to the x-value.  It is proposed that a sintered compact made of the composite particles with such a wide range of the x values can show a flattened dielectric characteristic in a wide temperature range. In this study, the four types of sintered compacts were obtained from the solid solution Ba1-xPbxTiO3 particles, the BaTiO3-Ba1-xPbxTiO3 composite particles (0.7micormeter and 0.3micrometer), the core-shell BaTiO3-Ba1-xPbxTiO3 bulk, and the mixed powders of BaTiO3 and PbTiO3. The dielectric temperature characteristics of these sintered compacts were compared. It was investigated how the compositional distribution in a sintered compact affects the epsilon(T) curve. English Physics and Chemistry of Functionally Graded Materials Research Report 1997Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on PriorityArea, No. 274 The Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture of Japan  Physics and Chemistry of Functionally Graded Materials Research Report 1997Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Area, No. 274  4 1998-03-01 129-132 広帯域超音波トランスジューサ実現のための圧電傾斜機能材料の基礎的研究 Basic Research of Piezoelectrically Graded Materials for Broadband Ultrasound Transducers 中村僖良　山田顕　本郷哲東北大学　大学院工学研究科　通信工学　980-77 仙台市青葉区字青葉荒巻  K. Nakamura, K. Yamada and S. HongoElectrical Communication Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aramaki, Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-77, Japan  Ultrasound transducers have been widely used in various fields of ultrasonic measurements and/or imaging such as nondestructive evaluation and medical diagnosis. In these fields, broadband transducers with high resolution capability are required. However, conventional plane transducers having a uniform polarization generate ultrasonic waves at both surfaces where the gradient of piezoelectric stress is non-zero. Therefore, two ultrasonic pulses are launched upon impulse excitation, and this results in a narrowband frequency characteristic of the transducer. If the piezoelectric parameter in a plane transducer could be faded out between one face and the other, there would be only one acoustic pulse corresponding to the larger gradient of the piezoelectric stress at one surface.      The authors' group has been studying on piezoelectric materials with effectively graded piezoelectric parameters and their application to broadband ultrasound transducers. This academic year a new broadband transducer is proposed that has a graded electric field applied across the piezoelectric material. A broadband transducer of planar structure is also proposed that utilizes a domain inversion phenomenon in a LiNbO3 piezoelectric crystal. Relationship between the frequency characteristic and the piezoelectric stress distribution in space is also studied theoretically. English Physics and Chemistry of Functionally Graded Materials Research Report 1997Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on PriorityArea, No. 274 The Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture of Japan  Physics and Chemistry of Functionally Graded Materials Research Report 1997Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Area, No. 274  4 1998-03-01 133-136 固体酸化物燃料電池のための傾斜機能電極の製造と特性評価 Fabrication and Characterization of Functionally Graded Electrode for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 湯上浩雄　内藤均東北大学　大学院工学研究科　980-8579 宮城県仙台市青葉区荒巻  Hiroo Yugami, and Hitoshi NaitoGraduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aramaki, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan  Mixed electronic and ionic conductor is preferred for an electrode material for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells(SOFCs). Since YSZ is used as electrolyte for SOFC, good adherence can be achieved by using a zirconia-based mixed conductor as an electrode. From this point, Worrell et al. investigated a single component solid oxide fuel cell, which is composed of YSZ electrolyte and Ti-and Tb-doped YSZ electrodes. To improve electronic conductivity in zirconia-based mixed conductor, higher concentration of dopant, which promotes electronic conduction, is required. However, when the dopant concentration increases, a large difference in mechanical properties, such as thermal expansion and lattice parameter, between electrolyte and electrode occurs. To overcome this problem, we applied functionally graded materials (FGMs) to the electrode. The dopant concentration in the electrode is gradually changed from gas/electrode interface (high dopant concentration) to electrode/electrolyte interface (low concentration).  Grading the dopant concentration, ionic and electronic transference numbers are expected to be graded and exhibit good mixed conduction at the former interface and good electrochemical compatibility and adherence at the latter interface. Nagata et al. demonstrated NiO-YSZ FGM and showed long-term stability of the cells. The problems of homogeneous dispersion and coagulation of Ni, however, still remain. Sasaki et al. proposed several graded configurations and demonstrated some cathode materials.       We investigated CeO2 doped YSZ (Ce- YSZ) mixed conducting films, in which Ce concentration was varied, fabricated by laser ablation method. Ce-YSZ shows high electronic conductivity at low oxygen partial pressure, and the crystal structure is the same as YSZ. In this paper, the electrical properties and oxygen ion transport property of the films are reported. English Physics and Chemistry of Functionally Graded Materials Research Report 1997Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on PriorityArea, No. 274 The Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture of Japan  Physics and Chemistry of Functionally Graded Materials Research Report 1997Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Area, No. 274  4 1998-03-01 137-140 組成傾斜 K（Nb，Ta）O3単結晶の合成および組織観察と誘電特性 Preparation, Texture, and Dielectric Properties of Composition-Graded K(Nb,Ta)O3 Single Crystals 山根久典、島田昌彦東北大学　素材工学研究所　980-77 仙台市青葉区片平2-1-1  H. Yamane and M. ShimadaInstitute for Advanced Materials Processing, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-77, Japan  High-capacity ceramic condensers are manufactured with perovskite-type ferroelectrics which have high dielectric constant around the Curie temperatures. Two kinds of additives are added homogeneously to the oxides for practical applications. One is called shifter which moves the curie temperature to the operation temperature of capacitance (normally, room temperature). The additives of the other kind (depressor) moderate the temperature dependence of dielectric constant. Most perovskite-type compounds form continuous solid solutions. The Curie temperatures can be shifted by the substitution of elements in the solid solutions. We have attempted to fabricate high-dielectric materials with the temperature dependence of dielectric constant controlled by changing composition of solid solutions gradually.      In the present study, we adopted non-equilibrium cooling of the melts of ferroelectric solid solutions to prepare composition gradient in the grains. In the solid solution system, the homogeneous solids with compositions identical with the melts are obtained by cooling under equilibrium conditions. However, if the melts are cooled rapidly, the solidification proceeds before homogenization of the composition by diffusion in the solid phase. Thus, the composition gradient is caused in the solids from the core part having high melting point to that of outer part crystallized at lower temperature.      We chose the KNbO3 - KTaO3 system as a case study of a perovskite-type ferroelectric solid solution. In this system, the liquidus temperature reported is from 1312 to 1630 K. The curie temperature at the transition of K(TaxNb1-x)O3 solid solutions from the cubic phase to tetragonal phase varies from 100 K at x = 0.9 to 707 K at x = 0.0. In the present study, we tried to prepared the samples from the melts with various cooling conditions. The texture, composition distribution and temperature dependence of dielectric constant were characterized. English