# Structural heterogeneity-induced enhancement of transverse magneto-thermoelectric conversion revealed by thermoelectric imaging in functionally graded materials

https://mdr.nims.go.jp/datasets/e5442e47-489b-4414-b316-76f37a378618

## File

- [Structural heterogeneity-induced enhancement of transverse magneto-thermoelectric conversion revealed by thermoelectric imaging in functionally graded.pdf](https://mdr.nims.go.jp/filesets/09c90d4f-4cca-4cd1-a97d-df54f415d086/download) ([Detail](https://mdr.nims.go.jp/filesets/09c90d4f-4cca-4cd1-a97d-df54f415d086.md))

## Id

e5442e47-489b-4414-b316-76f37a378618

## Local identifier



## Visibility

open_to_public

## State

published

## Created at

2026-04-03T04:16:40.618482Z

## Updated at

2026-04-03T04:18:25.589572Z

## Published at

2026-04-03T07:27:43.909100Z

## Doi



## First published url

https://doi.org/10.1080/14686996.2026.2643965

## Date published

2026-12-31

## Recorded date published

2026-12-31

## Resource type

journal_article

## Manuscript type

vor

## Collection



## Title

- title: Structural heterogeneity-induced enhancement of transverse magneto-thermoelectric
    conversion revealed by thermoelectric imaging in functionally graded materials
  title_type: original
  lang: en

## Description

- description: Functionally graded materials (FGMs) exhibit continuous property variations
    that enable unique functionalities and provide efficient platforms for systematic
    property optimization. Here, we report the fabrication of FGMs with graded structural
    heterogeneity by annealing an amorphous metal under a one-dimensional temperature
    gradient. Using lock-in thermography (LIT), we spatially mapped transverse thermoelectric
    conversion with high spatial and temperature resolution. A pronounced non-monotonic
    response was observed, with the maximum anomalous Ettingshausen effect, transverse
    charge-to-heat conversion in magnetic materials, appearing in the atomic-heterogeneity
    regime well before crystallization. This enhancement was not captured by conventional
    structural or longitudinal transport measurements, highlighting the exceptional
    sensitivity of transverse thermoelectric phenomena to subtle structural heterogeneity.
    Structural analyses using scanning transmission electron microscopy and atom probe
    tomography revealed Fe-based crystalline alloys and Cu nanoclusters embedded in
    the amorphous matrix, whose heterogeneity accounts for the enhanced response.
    These findings establish temperature-gradient-annealed FGMs, combined with LIT,
    as a powerful methodology for probing structural-heterogeneity-driven transverse
    electron transport and designing high-performance flexible materials.
  description_type: abstract
  lang: und

## Creator

- name: Sang J. Park
  role: author
  orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1684-4876
- name: Ravi Gautam
  role: author
  orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5442-6328
- name: Takashi Yagi
  role: author
  orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2008-872X
- name: Rajkumar Modak
  role: author
  orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7939-3289
- name: Hossein Sepehri-Amin
  role: author
  orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7856-7897
- name: Ken-ichi Uchida
  role: author
  orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7680-3051

## Contact agent



## Publisher

organization: Informa UK Limited

## Managing organization



## Keyword

- subject: functionally graded materials
  schema: not_defined
- subject: anomalous Ettingshausen effect
  schema: not_defined
- subject: lock-in thermography
  schema: not_defined
- subject: structural heterogeneity
  schema: not_defined
- subject: transverse thermoelectric conversion
  schema: not_defined

## Rights

- identifier: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

## Other identifier(s)



## Data origin



## Embargo



## Journal

- title: Science and Technology of Advanced Materials
  issn: '14686996'
  volume: '27'
  issue: '1'
  article_number: '2643965'

## Conference



## Related item



## Funding

- identifier: JPMJER2201
  funder_name: Japan Science and Technology Agency

## Instrument



## Instrument operator



## Instrument managing organization



## Measurement method



## Specimen



## Chemical composition



## Structure for specimen



## Structural feature for specimen



## Specific property for specimen



## Process for specimen treatment



## Computational method



## Energy level/transition state



## Software



## Custom property



## Fileset

- id: '09c90d4f-4cca-4cd1-a97d-df54f415d086'
  filename: Structural heterogeneity-induced enhancement of transverse magneto-thermoelectric
    conversion revealed by thermoelectric imaging in functionally graded.pdf
  content_type: application/pdf
  size: 7470501
  md5: 0477424bcf724f80c02c1b011e4ab542

## Thumbnail

fileset_id: '09c90d4f-4cca-4cd1-a97d-df54f415d086'
filename: Structural heterogeneity-induced enhancement of transverse magneto-thermoelectric
  conversion revealed by thermoelectric imaging in functionally graded.pdf