# Hot-carrier distribution spectroscopy by transconductance in two-dimensional field-effect transistors

https://mdr.nims.go.jp/datasets/bb219760-d63b-48ca-8630-3b58b47c4a70

## File

- [main.pdf](https://mdr.nims.go.jp/filesets/5189e9fa-8f63-462d-9828-a97c81b60fb0/download) ([Detail](https://mdr.nims.go.jp/filesets/5189e9fa-8f63-462d-9828-a97c81b60fb0.md))

## Id

bb219760-d63b-48ca-8630-3b58b47c4a70

## Local identifier



## Visibility

open_to_public

## State

published

## Created at

2026-10-15T04:36:47.052008Z

## Updated at

2026-10-15T05:08:00.412658Z

## Published at

2026-10-15T07:29:42.879285Z

## Doi

https://doi.org/10.48505/nims.8661

## First published url

https://doi.org/10.1103/fm13-kghl

## Date published

2026-09-30

## Recorded date published

2026-9

## Resource type

journal_article

## Manuscript type

accepted_manuscript

## Collection



## Title

- title: Hot-carrier distribution spectroscopy by transconductance in two-dimensional
    field-effect transistors
  title_type: original
  lang: en

## Description

- description: "The transconductance <i>g<sub>m</sub> = dI<sub>D</sub>/dV<sub>G</sub></i>
    of a field-effect transistor (FET) is conventionally read as a proxy for carrier
    density. We show that it is instead a spectroscopic probe of the carrier distribution:
    because <i>g<sub>m</sub></i> weights the spectral current <i>j(E)</i> by the gate-voltage
    derivative <i>&part;f(E)/&part;V<sub>G</sub></i> and integrates over energy, it
    is sensitive to the shape of <i>f(E)</i>, not merely its integrated weight <i>n</i>.
    We develop an energy-resolved transport framework for two-dimensional (2D) FETs
    and, within a gate-independent spectral-kernel approximation, derive the decomposition
    <i>g<sub>m</sub><sup>(n)</sup> + g<sub>m</sub><sup>(&alpha;)</sup></i> into the
    conventional density-modulation term <i>g<sub>m</sub><sup>(n)</sup></i> and a
    distribution-shape-driven term <i>g<sub>m</sub><sup>(&alpha;)</sup></i>. The latter,
    obtained as the residual after subtracting the smooth density-modulation background
    from the measured <i>g<sub>m</sub></i>, exhibits a characteristic anomalous peak
    at a gate voltage <i>V<sub>G</sub><sup>pk</sup></i>. This peak has no counterpart
    in equilibrium transport and cannot be explained by carrier density modulation
    alone. With the spectral kernel calibrated, the peak position and height—extracted
    from standard dc/lock-in <i>g<sub>m</sub></i> sweeps—constrain the hot-carrier
    energy <i>E<sub>0</sub></i>, spectral width <i>&sigma;</i>, and generation threshold
    <i>n<sub>c</sub></i>, realizing a steady-state, all-electrical spectroscopy of
    the carrier distribution. An optional time-resolved extension further recovers
    the carrier relaxation time <i>&tau;</i> from the transient response following
    a pump excitation, establishing the 2D FET as a distribution-function spectrometer
    that requires no optical readout.\r\n\r\n\r\n"
  description_type: abstract
  lang: und

## Creator

- name: Katsunori Wakabayashi
  role: author
  orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9147-9939
  organization: National Institute for Materials Science

## Contact agent



## Publisher

organization: American Physical Society (APS)

## Managing organization



## Keyword

- subject: Hot-carrier transport
  schema: not_defined
- subject: Transconductance spectroscopy
  schema: not_defined
- subject: Two-dimensional semiconductors
  schema: not_defined
- subject: Field-effect transistors
  schema: not_defined
- subject: Nonequilibrium carrier distributions
  schema: not_defined
- subject: Energy-resolved transport
  schema: not_defined
- subject: Carrier relaxation dynamics
  schema: not_defined

## Rights

- description: "©2026 American Physical Society"
  identifier: http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/

## Other identifier(s)



## Data origin

- data_origin_type: other

## Embargo



## Journal

- title: Physical Review Applied
  issn: '23317019'
  volume: '26'
  issue: '3'
  article_number: '034075'

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## Related item



## Funding

- identifier: JP25K01609
  funder_name: JSPS KAKENHI
- identifier: JP22H05473
  funder_name: JSPS KAKENHI
- identifier: JP21H01019
  funder_name: JSPS KAKENHI

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## Fileset

- id: 5189e9fa-8f63-462d-9828-a97c81b60fb0
  filename: main.pdf
  content_type: application/pdf
  size: 3981913
  md5: 2b16baadab46ee74a56869082e3cfc0a

## Thumbnail

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filename: main.pdf