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Synthetic ODNs (oligodeoxynucleotides) with immunostimulatory CpG (cytosine‐phosphate‐guanine) motifs induce an immune-mediated response, activating B cells, T cells, natural killer cells, and competent antigen-presenting cells (APCs). This activation stimulates T helper 1 (TH1) cell activity and induces the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, making CpG ODNs effective as immunoprotectants, vaccination adjuvants, and antiallergens. The findings that Toll-like receptors (TLRs) integrating both adaptive and innate immunity prompted greater interest in TLRs' immunostimulatory capabilities, activators, and effects. Potent adjuvants such as TLR agonists are crucial for effective vaccine formulations because they stimulate dendritic cells (DCs) to activate specific T-cells. Non-methylated cytosine-phosphate-guanosine oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODNs) have proven to be successful adjuvants central to TLR9 receptor activation, facilitating the necessary innate immune signaling cascade. Artificially synthesized CpG ODNs are durable, cost-effective, and easy to produce, making them promising candidates for advanced studies on innate immunity and immunoprotection mechanisms. This review discusses CpG ODN-mediated immunomodulatory interventions, their potential as biomedical tools for specific diseases, recent advances in their applications, and related clinical trials from the past decade.

権利情報:

• In Copyright
  

キーワード: CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides, Toll like receptor 9, Nucleotide Therapeutics, Immunotherapy, Nano-enabled Delivery Systems

刊行年月日: 2025-10-02

出版者: Begell House

掲載誌:

• Critical Reviews™ in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems (ISSN: 07434863) vol. 43 issue. 1 p. 57-95

研究助成金:

原稿種別: 著者最終稿 (Accepted manuscript)

MDR DOI: https://doi.org/10.48505/nims.6192

公開URL: https://doi.org/10.1615/critrevtherdrugcarriersyst.2025057385

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更新時刻: 2026-04-30 12:01:11 +0900

MDRでの公開時刻: 2026-10-02 08:40:53 +0900