# Enhancing Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution with Oxygen Vacancy-Modified P/Ag/Ag2O/Ag3PO4/TiO2 by Using Optimized NaBH4 Reduction Strategy https://mdr.nims.go.jp/datasets/572d891a-f4e2-4def-8338-64a16fc51e97 ## Files - [catalysts-2025.pdf](https://mdr.nims.go.jp/filesets/01336f93-a626-4ded-aba1-b6542adaac27/download) ([Detail](https://mdr.nims.go.jp/filesets/01336f93-a626-4ded-aba1-b6542adaac27.md)) ## Id 572d891a-f4e2-4def-8338-64a16fc51e97 ## Local identifier ## Visibility open_to_public ## State published ## Created at 2025-10-23T08:01:13.869300Z ## Updated at 2025-10-24T03:27:43.774877Z ## Published at 2025-10-23T23:18:40.821360Z ## Doi ## First published url https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15020167 ## Date published 2025-02-11 ## Recorded date published ## Resource type journal_article ## Manuscript type vor ## Collection ## Title - title: Enhancing Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution with Oxygen Vacancy-Modified P/Ag/Ag2O/Ag3PO4/TiO2 by Using Optimized NaBH4 Reduction Strategy title_type: original lang: en ## Description - description: 'The introduction of oxygen vacancies (OVs) is a promising strategy to enhance the hydrogen (H2) evolution efficiency of photocatalysts. Sodium borohydride (NaBH4) is widely used as a reducing agent to introduce OVs, particularly in composite materials. However, its impact on H2 evolution remains underexplored. In this study, by employing various mass ratios of NaBH4 to P/Ag/Ag2O/Ag3PO4/TiO2 (PAgT), OVs modified PAgT (RPAgT) composites, which were synthesized and systematically characterized by XRD, FTIR, and XPS. R-PAgT-10 with an optimal mass ratio exhibited a superior H2 evolution efficiency and stability, maintaining its performance over 20 cycles under visible light irradiation, while the higher mass ratio of NaBH4/PAgT led to the disruption of the crystal structure with excessive OVs amounts, resulting in poor stability. This study highlighted the importance of utilizing the optimal mass ratio of NaBH4 to prepare OVs-PAgT for successful and stable H2 evolution under visible light irradiation, which holds promise for developing efficient and durable photocatalysts for renewable energy applications. ' description_type: abstract lang: und - description: 'The introduction of oxygen vacancies (OVs) is a promising strategy to enhance the hydrogen (H2) evolution efficiency of photocatalysts. Sodium borohydride (NaBH4) is widely used as a reducing agent to introduce OVs, particularly in composite materials. However, its impact on H2 evolution remains underexplored. In this study, by employing various mass ratios of NaBH4 to P/Ag/Ag2O/Ag3PO4/TiO2 (PAgT), OVs modified PAgT (RPAgT) composites, which were synthesized and systematically characterized by XRD, FTIR, and XPS. R-PAgT-10 with an optimal mass ratio exhibited a superior H2 evolution efficiency and stability, maintaining its performance over 20 cycles under visible light irradiation, while the higher mass ratio of NaBH4/PAgT led to the disruption of the crystal structure with excessive OVs amounts, resulting in poor stability. This study highlighted the importance of utilizing the optimal mass ratio of NaBH4 to prepare OVs-PAgT for successful and stable H2 evolution under visible light irradiation, which holds promise for developing efficient and durable photocatalysts for renewable energy applications. ' description_type: abstract lang: und - description: 'The introduction of oxygen vacancies (OVs) is a promising strategy to enhance the hydrogen (H2) evolution efficiency of photocatalysts. Sodium borohydride (NaBH4) is widely used as a reducing agent to introduce OVs, particularly in composite materials. However, its impact on H2 evolution remains underexplored. In this study, by employing various mass ratios of NaBH4 to P/Ag/Ag2O/Ag3PO4/TiO2 (PAgT), OVs modified PAgT (RPAgT) composites, which were synthesized and systematically characterized by XRD, FTIR, and XPS. R-PAgT-10 with an optimal mass ratio exhibited a superior H2 evolution efficiency and stability, maintaining its performance over 20 cycles under visible light irradiation, while the higher mass ratio of NaBH4/PAgT led to the disruption of the crystal structure with excessive OVs amounts, resulting in poor stability. This study highlighted the importance of utilizing the optimal mass ratio of NaBH4 to prepare OVs-PAgT for successful and stable H2 evolution under visible light irradiation, which holds promise for developing efficient and durable photocatalysts for renewable energy applications. ' description_type: abstract lang: und - description: 'The introduction of oxygen vacancies (OVs) is a promising strategy to enhance the hydrogen (H2) evolution efficiency of photocatalysts. Sodium borohydride (NaBH4) is widely used as a reducing agent to introduce OVs, particularly in composite materials. However, its impact on H2 evolution remains underexplored. In this study, by employing various mass ratios of NaBH4 to P/Ag/Ag2O/Ag3PO4/TiO2 (PAgT), OVs modified PAgT (RPAgT) composites, which were synthesized and systematically characterized by XRD, FTIR, and XPS. R-PAgT-10 with an optimal mass ratio exhibited a superior H2 evolution efficiency and stability, maintaining its performance over 20 cycles under visible light irradiation, while the higher mass ratio of NaBH4/PAgT led to the disruption of the crystal structure with excessive OVs amounts, resulting in poor stability. This study highlighted the importance of utilizing the optimal mass ratio of NaBH4 to prepare OVs-PAgT for successful and stable H2 evolution under visible light irradiation, which holds promise for developing efficient and durable photocatalysts for renewable energy applications. ' description_type: abstract lang: und - description: 'The introduction of oxygen vacancies (OVs) is a promising strategy to enhance the hydrogen (H2) evolution efficiency of photocatalysts. Sodium borohydride (NaBH4) is widely used as a reducing agent to introduce OVs, particularly in composite materials. However, its impact on H2 evolution remains underexplored. In this study, by employing various mass ratios of NaBH4 to P/Ag/Ag2O/Ag3PO4/TiO2 (PAgT), OVs modified PAgT (RPAgT) composites, which were synthesized and systematically characterized by XRD, FTIR, and XPS. R-PAgT-10 with an optimal mass ratio exhibited a superior H2 evolution efficiency and stability, maintaining its performance over 20 cycles under visible light irradiation, while the higher mass ratio of NaBH4/PAgT led to the disruption of the crystal structure with excessive OVs amounts, resulting in poor stability. This study highlighted the importance of utilizing the optimal mass ratio of NaBH4 to prepare OVs-PAgT for successful and stable H2 evolution under visible light irradiation, which holds promise for developing efficient and durable photocatalysts for renewable energy applications. ' description_type: abstract lang: und - description: 'The introduction of oxygen vacancies (OVs) is a promising strategy to enhance the hydrogen (H2) evolution efficiency of photocatalysts. Sodium borohydride (NaBH4) is widely used as a reducing agent to introduce OVs, particularly in composite materials. However, its impact on H2 evolution remains underexplored. In this study, by employing various mass ratios of NaBH4 to P/Ag/Ag2O/Ag3PO4/TiO2 (PAgT), OVs modified PAgT (RPAgT) composites, which were synthesized and systematically characterized by XRD, FTIR, and XPS. R-PAgT-10 with an optimal mass ratio exhibited a superior H2 evolution efficiency and stability, maintaining its performance over 20 cycles under visible light irradiation, while the higher mass ratio of NaBH4/PAgT led to the disruption of the crystal structure with excessive OVs amounts, resulting in poor stability. This study highlighted the importance of utilizing the optimal mass ratio of NaBH4 to prepare OVs-PAgT for successful and stable H2 evolution under visible light irradiation, which holds promise for developing efficient and durable photocatalysts for renewable energy applications. ' description_type: abstract lang: und - description: 'The introduction of oxygen vacancies (OVs) is a promising strategy to enhance the hydrogen (H2) evolution efficiency of photocatalysts. Sodium borohydride (NaBH4) is widely used as a reducing agent to introduce OVs, particularly in composite materials. However, its impact on H2 evolution remains underexplored. In this study, by employing various mass ratios of NaBH4 to P/Ag/Ag2O/Ag3PO4/TiO2 (PAgT), OVs modified PAgT (RPAgT) composites, which were synthesized and systematically characterized by XRD, FTIR, and XPS. R-PAgT-10 with an optimal mass ratio exhibited a superior H2 evolution efficiency and stability, maintaining its performance over 20 cycles under visible light irradiation, while the higher mass ratio of NaBH4/PAgT led to the disruption of the crystal structure with excessive OVs amounts, resulting in poor stability. This study highlighted the importance of utilizing the optimal mass ratio of NaBH4 to prepare OVs-PAgT for successful and stable H2 evolution under visible light irradiation, which holds promise for developing efficient and durable photocatalysts for renewable energy applications. ' description_type: abstract lang: und - description: 'The introduction of oxygen vacancies (OVs) is a promising strategy to enhance the hydrogen (H2) evolution efficiency of photocatalysts. Sodium borohydride (NaBH4) is widely used as a reducing agent to introduce OVs, particularly in composite materials. However, its impact on H2 evolution remains underexplored. In this study, by employing various mass ratios of NaBH4 to P/Ag/Ag2O/Ag3PO4/TiO2 (PAgT), OVs modified PAgT (RPAgT) composites, which were synthesized and systematically characterized by XRD, FTIR, and XPS. R-PAgT-10 with an optimal mass ratio exhibited a superior H2 evolution efficiency and stability, maintaining its performance over 20 cycles under visible light irradiation, while the higher mass ratio of NaBH4/PAgT led to the disruption of the crystal structure with excessive OVs amounts, resulting in poor stability. This study highlighted the importance of utilizing the optimal mass ratio of NaBH4 to prepare OVs-PAgT for successful and stable H2 evolution under visible light irradiation, which holds promise for developing efficient and durable photocatalysts for renewable energy applications. ' description_type: abstract lang: und - description: 'The introduction of oxygen vacancies (OVs) is a promising strategy to enhance the hydrogen (H2) evolution efficiency of photocatalysts. Sodium borohydride (NaBH4) is widely used as a reducing agent to introduce OVs, particularly in composite materials. However, its impact on H2 evolution remains underexplored. In this study, by employing various mass ratios of NaBH4 to P/Ag/Ag2O/Ag3PO4/TiO2 (PAgT), OVs modified PAgT (RPAgT) composites, which were synthesized and systematically characterized by XRD, FTIR, and XPS. R-PAgT-10 with an optimal mass ratio exhibited a superior H2 evolution efficiency and stability, maintaining its performance over 20 cycles under visible light irradiation, while the higher mass ratio of NaBH4/PAgT led to the disruption of the crystal structure with excessive OVs amounts, resulting in poor stability. This study highlighted the importance of utilizing the optimal mass ratio of NaBH4 to prepare OVs-PAgT for successful and stable H2 evolution under visible light irradiation, which holds promise for developing efficient and durable photocatalysts for renewable energy applications. ' description_type: abstract lang: und - description: 'The introduction of oxygen vacancies (OVs) is a promising strategy to enhance the hydrogen (H2) evolution efficiency of photocatalysts. Sodium borohydride (NaBH4) is widely used as a reducing agent to introduce OVs, particularly in composite materials. However, its impact on H2 evolution remains underexplored. In this study, by employing various mass ratios of NaBH4 to P/Ag/Ag2O/Ag3PO4/TiO2 (PAgT), OVs modified PAgT (RPAgT) composites, which were synthesized and systematically characterized by XRD, FTIR, and XPS. R-PAgT-10 with an optimal mass ratio exhibited a superior H2 evolution efficiency and stability, maintaining its performance over 20 cycles under visible light irradiation, while the higher mass ratio of NaBH4/PAgT led to the disruption of the crystal structure with excessive OVs amounts, resulting in poor stability. This study highlighted the importance of utilizing the optimal mass ratio of NaBH4 to prepare OVs-PAgT for successful and stable H2 evolution under visible light irradiation, which holds promise for developing efficient and durable photocatalysts for renewable energy applications. ' description_type: abstract lang: und - description: 'The introduction of oxygen vacancies (OVs) is a promising strategy to enhance the hydrogen (H2) evolution efficiency of photocatalysts. Sodium borohydride (NaBH4) is widely used as a reducing agent to introduce OVs, particularly in composite materials. However, its impact on H2 evolution remains underexplored. In this study, by employing various mass ratios of NaBH4 to P/Ag/Ag2O/Ag3PO4/TiO2 (PAgT), OVs modified PAgT (RPAgT) composites, which were synthesized and systematically characterized by XRD, FTIR, and XPS. R-PAgT-10 with an optimal mass ratio exhibited a superior H2 evolution efficiency and stability, maintaining its performance over 20 cycles under visible light irradiation, while the higher mass ratio of NaBH4/PAgT led to the disruption of the crystal structure with excessive OVs amounts, resulting in poor stability. This study highlighted the importance of utilizing the optimal mass ratio of NaBH4 to prepare OVs-PAgT for successful and stable H2 evolution under visible light irradiation, which holds promise for developing efficient and durable photocatalysts for renewable energy applications. ' description_type: abstract lang: und - description: 'The introduction of oxygen vacancies (OVs) is a promising strategy to enhance the hydrogen (H2) evolution efficiency of photocatalysts. Sodium borohydride (NaBH4) is widely used as a reducing agent to introduce OVs, particularly in composite materials. However, its impact on H2 evolution remains underexplored. In this study, by employing various mass ratios of NaBH4 to P/Ag/Ag2O/Ag3PO4/TiO2 (PAgT), OVs modified PAgT (RPAgT) composites, which were synthesized and systematically characterized by XRD, FTIR, and XPS. R-PAgT-10 with an optimal mass ratio exhibited a superior H2 evolution efficiency and stability, maintaining its performance over 20 cycles under visible light irradiation, while the higher mass ratio of NaBH4/PAgT led to the disruption of the crystal structure with excessive OVs amounts, resulting in poor stability. This study highlighted the importance of utilizing the optimal mass ratio of NaBH4 to prepare OVs-PAgT for successful and stable H2 evolution under visible light irradiation, which holds promise for developing efficient and durable photocatalysts for renewable energy applications. ' description_type: abstract lang: und ## Creator - name: Xiang Sun role: author - name: Yunxin Zhu role: author orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6070-7305 - name: Guangqi An role: author - name: Guoping Chen role: author orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6753-3678 - name: Yingnan Yang role: author ## Contact agent ## Publisher organization: MDPI AG ## Managing organization ## Keyword - subject: Photocatalyst schema: not_defined ## Rights - identifier: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ## Other identifier(s) ## Data origin - data_origin_type: other ## Embargo ## Journal - title: Catalysts issn: '20734344' volume: '15' issue: '2' ## Conference ## Related item ## Funding - identifier: 21k19628 funder_name: Japan Society for the Promotion of Science - identifier: 22H03778 funder_name: Japan Society for the Promotion of Science - identifier: 21k19628 funder_name: Japan Society for the Promotion of Science - identifier: 22H03778 funder_name: Japan Society for the Promotion of Science ## Instrument ## Instrument operator ## Instrument managing organization ## Measurement method ## Specimen ## Chemical composition ## Structure for specimen ## Structural feature for specimen ## Specific property for specimen ## Process for specimen treatment ## Computational method ## Energy level/transition state ## Software ## Custom property ## Fileset - id: 01336f93-a626-4ded-aba1-b6542adaac27 filename: catalysts-2025.pdf content_type: application/pdf size: 1216467 md5: 93742eaab57a32044c6d783fde88f7c7 ## Thumbnail fileset_id: 01336f93-a626-4ded-aba1-b6542adaac27 filename: catalysts-2025.pdf