# Causal inference in statistics insights into stress-induced ferroelectric states in SrTiO3: disentangling piezoelectric and flexoelectric effects from birefringence images

https://mdr.nims.go.jp/datasets/40158bf6-050c-4f57-a3f5-be17e71706fa

## File

- [Causal inference in statistics insights into stress-induced ferroelectric states in SrTiO 3  disentangling piezoelectric and flexoelectric effects fro.pdf](https://mdr.nims.go.jp/filesets/ed0b237b-2fff-4537-b926-af41a1988573/download) ([Detail](https://mdr.nims.go.jp/filesets/ed0b237b-2fff-4537-b926-af41a1988573.md))

## Id

40158bf6-050c-4f57-a3f5-be17e71706fa

## Local identifier



## Visibility

open_to_public

## State

published

## Created at

2025-05-19T07:09:50.974458Z

## Updated at

2025-07-18T01:25:47.234875Z

## Published at

2025-05-19T23:18:55.531827Z

## Doi

https://doi.org/10.48505/nims.5486

## First published url

https://doi.org/10.1080/27660400.2025.2503698

## Date published

2025-12-31

## Recorded date published

2025-12-31

## Resource type

journal_article

## Manuscript type

accepted_manuscript

## Collection



## Title

- title: 'Causal inference in statistics insights into stress-induced ferroelectric
    states in SrTiO3: disentangling piezoelectric and flexoelectric effects from birefringence
    images'
  title_type: original
  lang: en

## Description

- description: "In materials science, experimental conditions are precisely controlled
    to ensure high reproducibility. This property is well suited for causal inference
    in statistics, yet its potential remains unrealized. In this study, we integrate
    causal inference with structural equation modeling (SEM) to analyze birefringence
    images of the stress-induced ferroelectric SrTiO 3. Random forest analysis identified
    retardance at 14.1 K, \U0001D6FF⁡(1⁢4.1⁢\U0001D43E), as a key predictor of the
    ferroelectric phase transition temperature, \U0001D447F. SEM revealed strong correlations
    between \U0001D447F and \U0001D6FFs, although multicollinearity in \U0001D6FFs
    necessitated sparse principal component analysis to transform \U0001D6FF⁡(1⁢4.1⁢\U0001D43E)
    and \U0001D6FF⁡(4⁢0.0⁢\U0001D43E) into two independent components, \U0001D443\U0001D436⁢1
    and \U0001D443\U0001D436⁢2, for subsequent causal analysis. Directed acyclic graphs
    (DAG) based on SEM helped infer causal relationships, revealing \U0001D443\U0001D436⁢1‘s
    predominant influence on \U0001D447F in stress/strain-concentrated regions (cluster
    E12) and \U0001D443\U0001D436⁢2‘s influence in uniform stress/strain regions (cluster
    E34). Two-model learner (T-Learner) analysis revealed the factors behind the higher
    \U0001D447F in E12 than in E34. Specifically, the difference in magnitude of the
    piezoelectric effect, which occurs uniformly throughout the substrate, causes
    \U0001D447F to increase by 0.36 K [0.18 K, 0.54 K], while the flexoelectric effect,
    which occurs only in E12, causes it to increase by an additional 1.49 K [1.23
    K, 1.75 K]. These findings demonstrate the utility of causal inference in disentangling
    piezoelectric and flexoelectric effects in the stress-induced ferroelectric SrTiO
    3."
  description_type: abstract
  lang: en

## Creator

- name: Kazuma Seike
  role: author
  organization: Kagoshima University
  department: a Graduate School of Science and Engineering
- name: Hirotaka Manaka
  role: author
- name: Yoko Miura
  role: author

## Contact agent



## Publisher

organization: Taylor & Francis

## Managing organization



## Keyword

- subject: Causal inference
  schema: not_defined
- subject: SEM
  schema: not_defined
- subject: DAG
  schema: not_defined
- subject: T-Learner
  schema: not_defined
- subject: random forest
  schema: not_defined
- subject: flexoelectricity
  schema: not_defined
- subject: piezoelectricity
  schema: not_defined
- subject: birefringence image
  schema: not_defined
- subject: stress-induced ferroelectricity
  schema: not_defined
- subject: SrTiO3
  schema: not_defined

## Rights

- identifier: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

## Other identifier(s)



## Data origin

- data_origin_type: other

## Embargo



## Journal

- title: 'Science and Technology of Advanced Materials: Methods'
  issn: '27660400'
  volume: '5'
  article_number: '2503698'

## Conference



## Related item



## Funding



## Instrument



## Instrument operator



## Instrument managing organization



## Measurement method



## Specimen



## Chemical composition



## Structure for specimen



## Structural feature for specimen



## Specific property for specimen



## Process for specimen treatment



## Computational method



## Energy level/transition state



## Software



## Custom property



## Fileset

- id: ed0b237b-2fff-4537-b926-af41a1988573
  filename: Causal inference in statistics insights into stress-induced ferroelectric
    states in SrTiO 3  disentangling piezoelectric and flexoelectric effects fro.pdf
  content_type: application/pdf
  size: 5312140
  md5: 0727ac986bb3852f931f5b19e0252f1f

## Thumbnail

fileset_id: ed0b237b-2fff-4537-b926-af41a1988573
filename: Causal inference in statistics insights into stress-induced ferroelectric
  states in SrTiO 3  disentangling piezoelectric and flexoelectric effects fro.pdf