# Gravity‐Assisted Infiltration Enables a Spatially Extended and Dynamically Stable Multi‐Phase Interface in Air Cathodes for Practical Lithium–Air Batteries

https://mdr.nims.go.jp/datasets/236536f2-3086-412d-b7b5-828de80a0b2b

## File

- [1. Manuscript_NS work_Wenfeng Cui_20260401.docx](https://mdr.nims.go.jp/filesets/a2197db0-44e7-4f19-a308-191dcc116d1a/download) ([Detail](https://mdr.nims.go.jp/filesets/a2197db0-44e7-4f19-a308-191dcc116d1a.md))
- [2. Manuscript_NS work_SI_Wenfeng Cui_20260401.docx](https://mdr.nims.go.jp/filesets/8b78696b-97e5-43dd-a1f3-331df8ebe0c0/download) ([Detail](https://mdr.nims.go.jp/filesets/8b78696b-97e5-43dd-a1f3-331df8ebe0c0.md))

## Id

236536f2-3086-412d-b7b5-828de80a0b2b

## Local identifier



## Visibility

open_to_public

## State

published

## Created at

2026-10-23T09:15:16.317987Z

## Updated at

2026-10-26T03:30:04.768508Z

## Published at

2026-10-26T01:30:39.697347Z

## Doi

https://doi.org/10.48505/nims.8676

## First published url

https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.71321

## Date published

2026-07-21

## Recorded date published

2026-9

## Resource type

journal_article

## Manuscript type

authors_original

## Collection



## Title

- title: Gravity‐Assisted Infiltration Enables a Spatially Extended and Dynamically
    Stable Multi‐Phase Interface in Air Cathodes for Practical Lithium–Air Batteries
  title_type: original
  lang: en

## Description

- description: Li–air batteries (LABs) have attracted considerable attention as next-generation
    energy-storage systems because of their exceptionally high theoretical energy
    density. However, their practical application remains limited by the difficulty
    of sustaining an effective multi-phase interface (MPI), where Li+, O2, and e-
    converge to drive the reversible formation and decomposition of discharge products.
    Herein, we report a simple and scalable gravity-assisted infiltration (GAI) strategy
    for fabricating air cathodes, in which catalysts are distributed throughout the
    gas diffusion layer (GDL) framework. This architecture enables continuous Li+/O2/e-
    transport pathways and establishes a spatially extended and stable MPI across
    the cathode thickness, while remaining binder-free and operating with reduced
    electrolyte demand. As a result, LABs with the GAI cathode deliver lower overpotentials
    and longer cycling (＞300 cycles) at 0.25 mA cm-2 with a limited capacity of 0.50
    mA h cm-2, while still exhibiting superior performance at a high cathode loading
    of 3.0 mg cm-2. In situ EIS/DRT/DCT and TOF-SIMS reveal stable interfacial evolution
    and a mechanism shift toward nucleation-preferred discharge-product formation
    across the cathode thickness, evidencing a spatially extended and dynamically
    stable MPI. The resulting LABs also achieve a high full discharge/charge capacity
    of ~ 24 mA h cm-2, enhanced low temperature (−20 ℃) mass-transport capability
    and improved high temperature (60 ℃) stability. In addition, scaled-up pouch cells
    demonstrate stable long-term cycling (＞100 cycles), efficient heat dissipation,
    and high energy density (798.80 Wh kg-1). This work provides a practical air cathode
    design principle for developing high energy density metal–air batteries.
  description_type: abstract
  lang: und

## Creator

- name: Wenfeng Cui
  role: author
  orcid: https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8633-5660
- name: Qifa Gao
  role: author
- name: Guangxu Xu
  role: author
  orcid: https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4725-2448
- name: Hang Yin
  role: author
  orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9042-6990
- name: Wipakorn Jevasuwan
  role: author
  orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9117-2497
- name: Sadaki Samitsu
  role: author
  orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4139-1656
- name: Misa Hazutani
  role: author
- name: Naoki Fukata
  role: author
  orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0986-8485
- name: Jie Tang
  role: author
  orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5871-5776

## Contact agent



## Publisher

organization: Wiley

## Managing organization



## Keyword

- subject: Li–air batteries
  schema: not_defined
- subject: air cathode structure
  schema: not_defined
- subject: extended multiple-phase interface
  schema: not_defined
- subject: gravity-assisted infiltration
  schema: not_defined
- subject: nucleation-preferred mechanism
  schema: not_defined
- subject: wide temperature range
  schema: not_defined

## Rights

- identifier: http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/

## Other identifier(s)



## Data origin



## Embargo



## Journal

- title: Advanced Energy Materials
  issn: '16146832'
  volume: '16'
  issue: '33'
  article_number: e71321

## Conference



## Related item



## Funding

- identifier: JPMXP1122714694
  funder_name: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology

## Instrument



## Instrument operator



## Instrument managing organization



## Measurement method



## Specimen



## Chemical composition



## Structure for specimen



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## Process for specimen treatment



## Computational method



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