# Benchmarking the integration of hexagonal boron nitride crystals and thin films into graphene-based van der Waals heterostructures https://mdr.nims.go.jp/datasets/138c5538-963c-4c17-863f-ec6b26dec02d ## File - [Ouaj_2025_2D_Mater._12_015017.pdf](https://mdr.nims.go.jp/filesets/9a3b8dd4-5ea8-44c4-87b3-d18bc3192b75/download) ([Detail](https://mdr.nims.go.jp/filesets/9a3b8dd4-5ea8-44c4-87b3-d18bc3192b75.md)) ## Id 138c5538-963c-4c17-863f-ec6b26dec02d ## Local identifier ## Visibility open_to_public ## State published ## Created at 2025-02-03T01:49:56.660909Z ## Updated at 2025-02-03T03:30:33.415954Z ## Published at 2025-02-03T03:30:33.713806Z ## Doi ## First published url https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/ad96c9 ## Date published 2025-01-01 ## Recorded date published 2025-1-1 ## Resource type journal_article ## Manuscript type vor ## Collection ## Title - title: Benchmarking the integration of hexagonal boron nitride crystals and thin films into graphene-based van der Waals heterostructures title_type: original lang: en ## Description - description: We present a benchmarking protocol that combines the characterization of boron nitride crystals and films with the evaluation of the electronic quality of graphene on these substrates. Our study includes hBN crystals grown under different conditions (atmospheric pressure high temperature, pressure controlled furnace) and scalable BN films deposited by either chemical or physical vapor deposition (CVD or PVD). We explore the complete process from boron nitride growth, over its optical characterization by time-resolved cathodoluminescence (TRCL), to the optical and electronic characterization of graphene by Raman spectroscopy after encapsulation and Hall bar processing. Within our benchmarking protocol we achieve a homogeneous electronic performance within each Hall bar device through a fast and reproducible processing routine. We find that a free exciton lifetime of 1ns measured on as-grown hBN crystals by TRCL is sufficient to achieve high graphene room temperature charge carrier mobilities of 80, 000 cm2 /(Vs) at a carrier density of |n| = 1 × 1012 cm−2 , while re- spective exciton lifetimes around 100ps yield mobilities up to 30,000cm2/(Vs). For scalable PVD-grown BN films, we measure carrier mobilities exceeding 10,000cm2/(Vs) which correlates with a graphene Raman 2D peak linewidth of 22cm−1. Our work highlights the importance of the Raman 2D linewidth of graphene as a critical metric that effectively assesses the interface quality (i.e. surface roughness) to the BN substrate, which directly affects the charge carrier mobility of graphene. Graphene 2D linewidth analysis is suitable for all BN substrates and is particularly advantageous when TRCL or Raman spectroscopy cannot be applied to specific BN materials such as amorphous or thin films. This underlines its superior role in the evaluation of BN crystals and films for the use of high-mobility graphene devices. description_type: abstract lang: und ## Creator - name: Taoufiq Ouaj role: author orcid: https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8316-523X - name: Christophe Arnold role: author orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5540-8589 - name: Jon Azpeitia role: author orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4542-9735 - name: Sunaja Baltic role: author - name: Julien Barjon role: author orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1749-2980 - name: José Cascales role: author orcid: https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3433-8063 - name: Huanyao Cun role: author orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5225-9861 - name: David Esteban role: author orcid: https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0167-1545 - name: Mar Garcia-Hernandez role: author orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5987-0647 - name: Vincent Garnier role: author - name: Subodh K Gautam role: author - name: Thomas Greber role: author orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5234-1937 - name: Said Said Hassani role: author - name: Adrian Hemmi role: author - name: Ignacio Jiménez role: author orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5605-3185 - name: Catherine Journet role: author orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3328-317X - name: Paul Kögerler role: author orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7831-3953 - name: Annick Loiseau role: author orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1042-5876 - name: Camille Maestre role: author orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7911-3758 - name: Marvin Metzelaars role: author orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3529-557X - name: Philipp Schmidt role: author orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1278-1727 - name: Christoph Stampfer role: author orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4958-7362 - name: Ingrid Stenger role: author orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8917-5776 - name: Philippe Steyer role: author - name: Takashi Taniguchi role: author orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1467-3105 - name: Bérangère Toury role: author orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5889-0796 - name: Kenji Watanabe role: author orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3701-8119 - name: Bernd Beschoten role: author orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2359-2718 ## Contact agent ## Publisher organization: IOP Publishing ## Managing organization ## Keyword - subject: Boron nitride schema: not_defined - subject: electronic properties schema: not_defined - subject: graphene schema: not_defined ## Rights - identifier: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ## Other identifier(s) ## Data origin - data_origin_type: other ## Embargo ## Journal - title: 2D Materials issn: '20531583' volume: '12' issue: '1' article_number: '015017' ## Conference ## Related item ## Funding - identifier: '820254' funder_name: European Research Council - identifier: '881603' funder_name: Graphene Flagship - identifier: FK-20-206 114 funder_name: Universtiy of Zurch - funder_name: World Premier International Research Center Initiative, MEXT, Japan - identifier: 2004/1 - 390534769 funder_name: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft - identifier: CRSK-2_220582 funder_name: Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung - identifier: 21H05233 funder_name: Japan Society for the Promotion of Science ## Instrument ## Instrument operator ## Instrument managing organization ## Measurement method ## Specimen ## Chemical composition ## Structure for specimen ## Structural feature for specimen ## Specific property for specimen ## Process for specimen treatment ## Computational method ## Energy level/transition state ## Software ## Custom property ## Fileset - id: 9a3b8dd4-5ea8-44c4-87b3-d18bc3192b75 filename: Ouaj_2025_2D_Mater._12_015017.pdf content_type: application/pdf size: 3311552 md5: 0bad761993b8d2dae5792eb1bfb40dd5 ## Thumbnail fileset_id: 9a3b8dd4-5ea8-44c4-87b3-d18bc3192b75 filename: Ouaj_2025_2D_Mater._12_015017.pdf